The aim of present study was to examine the effects of long-term/exhaustive exercise and spirulina intake on plasma, liver and muscle tissues’ oxidative state in adult male rats. We found that the exhaustive exercise resulted to increased levels of CK, CK-MB and LDH in the plasma of E group. An important finding of our study is that spirulina attenuated exhaustive exercise-induced CK increment in the plasma. Additionally, spirulina supplementation and acute or chronic exercise changed antioxidant status and oxidative stress parameters. MDA which is an end-product of lipid peroxidation decreased with both spirulina supplemented and chronic exercised rats in liver and skeletal muscle. We observed that the most important effects which are related to the oxidative stress are associated with adaptational responses that are linked to regular exercise.
Although influences of the exercise on metabolism is well-defined, weight gain of rats were not different than control rats. This finding is in concordance with previous studies (barcelos24334002, lima23405192). Though, it can be suggested that swimming exercise has not major impact on the weight of rats, probably due to exercise intensity and duration. Also, 750 mg/kg/day, pospirulina supplementation for 6 weeks did not altered the weight of rats when compared with control animals. We could not find any study in the medical literature which reports direct effects of spirulina on the body weight. Howbeit, there are several researches which point out how the spirulina influences the weight (ismail19521547, khan16858688, moura21569626) that are in consistency with our findings. So in sum, it can be deduced that spirulina supplementation has no effect on the weight of rats.
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...688) and gentamisin-induced (Kuhadve ark 2006- 16573712) oxidative stress in kidney tissue.
Conclusively, we suggest that spirulina platensis, a blue-green algae and a food supplement, ameliorates plasma CK activity which is used as an exhaustive exercise related muscular breakdown indicator, probably by decreasing pre-oxidative MDA levels in the skeletal muscle. However, it is apparent that spirulina supplementation to adult male rats has no positive effect on antioxidant activity and ergogenic status in our exercise protocol. There are few studies which investigates effects of spirulina supplementation to exercise-induced oxidative stress and exercise endurance capacity, and the action mechanism of spirulina on oxidative stress during exercise processes are not yet well understood whereas future studies is needed in this area to have a satisfactory comprehension.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
Submaximal and maximal exercise testing are two analytic methods that can be used to examine the cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory fitness/health levels of the individual being examined. Submaximal testing is usually preferred over maximal mainly because the submaximal exam is more practical in a fitness/health environment. Both test require the individual being examined to perform controlled exercise on a(n) treadmill/ergometer until either steady state has consecutively been reached (submax), or the individual reaches their max (close to it). Being that both test are set to exceed time limits of more than 3 minutes we examine the use of the ATP-PC, Glycolytic, and Oxidative energy systems. Although a huge portion of the test involves the use of the oxidative energy system, we must remember that the three systems are co-occurrent.
3. Effects of resistance training and Chromioum Picolinate on body composition and skelatal muscle in older men by, Campbell WW., Joseph LJ., Davey SL., Cyr-Campbell D., Anderson RA., and Evans WJ.. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 86(1): 29-39,1999 January.
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
Research into leptin treatment began on rats. A 1996 study by Chen et al showed beneficial results in rats when treated with exogenous leptin3. The rats treated with leptin showed decreased food intake and did not see any weight gain compared to the other groups that were treated with saline. This study basically confirmed the effects of leptin – increased satiety leading to reduced food intake. In this case, there was no weight gain as opposed to the other groups that saw significant weight gain. Leptin, then, can prevent weight gain.
For purpose of emphasis and understanding, some background information is needed to fully understand exactly what blood doping can do for an individual. In order for muscles to perform, they need a ready supply of oxygen. During high intensity exercise, oxygen is depleted and the body can not get enough oxygen to the muscle in order for them to perform their optimal potential. This lack of ability to get oxygen to the muscle is called oxygen debt and results in lactic acid being formed. Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic cellular respiration within the muscle tissue, which can cause muscle sourness that, usually, is felt after a hard or long workout. Fatigue usually sets in with the onset of lactic acid production. Oxygen is carried to the muscle by two delivery systems. Three percent of oxygen is carried in plasma and ninety-seven percent is in hemoglobin, the principal protein in erythrocytes (red blood cells). If hemoglobin amounts are increased, this will lead to increased oxygen levels that can be transported to the muscles. Allowing the muscles to become more fatigue resistant.
Obesity is a very complex condition as there are many physiological and psychological dimensions to it. The complications accompanying the disease are multiple and are associated with the increased risk of many other medical conditions. It is thought that we live in an obesogenic environment due to an interaction of environmental, developmental and cultural influences. With the main cause of the disorder thought to be due to a combination of a sedentary lifestyle accompanied by an increased consumption of poor quality food with a high calorie and sugar content. The lack of energy expenditure could be explained by many individuals working a large number of hours, most days of the week in jobs that require minimal physical activity and it is often difficult to accomplish the recommended ...
The renowned writer Mark Twain once said, "Surely the [one] who invented the first religion ought to be the first [one] damned". In the novel The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, protagonist Jim Casy shares Twain's perspective on religion. Casy, a former reverend reunites with Tom Joad, an ex-convict. After losing touch with his religious beliefs, he finds faith in the "Human Spirit". Steinbeck's portrayal of Jim Casy as Jesus Christ serves to reveal his purpose of the novel, which is to persuade humans to become self-reliant. The author places emphasis on the moral obligations of society, which is to serve and assist each other, and also extends to the idea that humans are capable of becoming their own saviors. Individuals are not to depend in a divinity for a solution to the corruption and dishonesty in their society, and must use their abilities to find such answers within themselves.
Overall, the data collected from this lab supported the hypothesis that even though the 1.5 mile run test will not produce the highest average VO2 max, the results of the 1.5 mile run will produce the most accurate VO2 max results as the test puts more physiological demand on the body compared to the Queens College/McArdle Step Test and the Rockport One Mile Walk Test. Even though theoretically all three of the field tests should have produced the same estimate of aerobic capacity, the three tests produced different results due to various reasons. Since the 1.5 mile run placed the most physiological demands on the body, this test was a better indicator of individual VO2 max. Overall, all three of the field tests proved that males had a higher average VO2 max compared to women. In addition, individuals who are aerobically trained tend to perform better considering these individuals are able to sustain a higher intensity level for a longer amount of
Vuori, I 2007, ‘Physical activity and health: Metabolic and cardiovascular issues’, Advances in Physiotherapy, vol. 9 pp. 50-64, April.
Swimming World. April 1998; 39(4): 16-17. Mujika, I. and Padilla, S. "Creatine Supplementation as an Ergogenic Aid for Sports Performance in Highly Trained Athletes: A Critical Review." International Journal of Sports Medicine. October 1997; 18(7): 491-496.
The antioxidant system plays an effective role in protecting testes and other biological tissues below a critical threshold of reactive oxygen species (ROS) thus preventing testicular dysfunction (Oschsendorf, 1999). ROS mediated oxidative stress is one of crucial reasons of infertility and decreased sperm viability and increased level of free radicals may cause degener...
We have probably all heard from our parents or doctors to eat fruits and veggies. But a common misconception among young people is that the only way to eat healthy is by eating fruits and veggies. However, to have a balanced diet, you must choose what you eat depending on what activity you are going to do. For example, when you get ready to go to a sporting event, if you want to do well, you should make sure you have protein by eating some chicken and then have a few grapes. Often people sell themselves short of what they can accomplish in exercise because of the food they eat. A balanced diet will help you to physically accomplish more. However, our bodies are like cars. Without fuel, they wont go. You can’t expect to eat chips and drink a Coke before a sporting event and succeed. Not only would this prevent you from succeeding, but it would make the activity challenging and tiring. However, when you have proteins, vitamins, and antioxidants through a balanced d...
Innumerous scientists confirm that nutrition and dietary supplementation can deeply affect molecular and cellular processes that occur in the body during the exercise and the recovery process. This brief review analyzes the potential for performance enhancement through protein supplementation ingestion, and the importance of nutrition education for sports supplement users.
There is no aspect of your life that is not influenced by what types of foods you eat. When you choose to eat healthy foods, especially vegetables, there are a number of positive outcomes one will come across. Vegetables have lots of vitamins and minerals that the body needs for optimal performance, including a high concentration of antioxidants, fibre, and other essential proteins that the body needs in order to carry out its daily bodily functions. Fruits and Vegetables are some of the best sources of vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting foods out there (Mahima et al,. 2013), so when one totally disregards vegetables you are not only going to be less healthy but there are many negative side effects one might take on. Lack of energy, weight gain, possible disease, and depressed mood are only a few negative side effects of not eating vegetables and healthy foods. Your body will lack the essential vitamins and minerals it needs in order to carry out its internal and external functions, thus leading to one feeling chronically fatigued and to a point where a nap is needed. Furthermore, the sugars and fats in highly processed foods will lead one on the path of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and feeling chronically fatigued. In the present paper, it will discuss how eating healthier foods will increase ones physical performance, both in the gym and in extracurricular activities such as sports. Food powers your life. It is hypothesized that eating healthier foods will not only increase your mood, bodily functions and physical performance but also make you feel, look and be healthier. The following literature review will attempt to demonstrate and support the fact that when one has a healthier diet, it does not only lead to...