russia

Austria-Hungary placed economic sanctions on the Serbs in the hope of forcing them back into an alliance, but this only succeeded in worsening relations between the two and pushing Serbia into Russian hands. That said, there is no doubt that the climate surrounding the Balkans was far more relaxed and stable between 1890 and 1908 than it had been for many decades beforehand. There were several factors that contributed to this, the primary reason being (in my opinion) the change in Russian foreign policy. Before 1890, Russian was often the root cause of tension and conflict, because of her foreign policy objectives - she had two principle objectives: to unite the Slav people of the Balkans, in order to create a 'Greater Motherland', and also to gain greater access to The Straits. This was most evident in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877, where Russia had emerged victorious, and attempted to create a 'Bigger Bulgaria' of Slav people in the (eventually) abortive treaty of San Stefano.

After helping these two countries become recognized as autonomous states, Russia continued to feel pressure at the hands of the other European powers that had only recently caused them defeat. When the Bosnian crisis struck, where Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia and Serbia protested but were not strong enough to fight a supporter of the annexation, Germany. In a move towards protection, Russia attempted to create a “Slavic block” coercing Bulgaria and Serbia to form an alliance directed against both the Ottomans and Austria Hungary. In the more southern Balkan country of Greece, previous Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos had just been reappointed into power during this period through the revolt of army offices in 1909. When Venizelos came back as Prime Minister in 1910, much of Greece was hoping that he would help Greece regain status after suffering the Ottoman defe... ... middle of paper ... ...e second Balkan war, the Greek king was assassinated in Thessaloniki generating a foreign policy revolving around neutrality.

In 1890, Russia formed an alliance with France because they were afraid of being attacked by the triple alliance. A few years later Russia and France would allie with Great Britain to form the Triple Entente. The big day for the Russians came on July 30, 1914 when Czar Nicholas II ordered Mobilization of his troops against Austria-Hungry and Germany. Russia decided to make their move when Austria-Hungry attacked Serbia. England and France decided to support Russia in their war with Austria-Hungry.

Russia and Austria feared pressure on their unstable empires. In 1887 William II refused to renew the Reinsurance treaty with Russia, but continued the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. In 1894 Russia made an alliance with France, and Great Britain settled it's differences with France in the Entente Cordiale in 1904 forming the Triple Entente. The assassination, with Serbian Knowledge, of the liberal Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinan in Sarajevo in June 1914 was the spark that set off the war. Germany assured Austria full support, which resulted in an Austrian ultimatum that Serbia could not accept.

The Austro-Russian rivalry鬥爭 in the Balkans was unsolved. At the Congress of Berlin 1878, Bismarck placed Bosnia-Herzegovina under Austrian administration, but trisected "Big Bulgaria" to depriveå‰å¥ª Russia of an outlet出路 to the sea. As a result, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Dual Alliance兩國 (德奧) åŒç›Ÿ in 1879 against Russia. Nonetheless, the danger of a two-front war still lingered徘徊. Bismarck feared that Russia might leané å‘ to France against Germany.

Even though the Bolsheviks knew this negotiation with Germany would add a huge cost to Russia; they still negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovesk with Germany. It started that Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany and its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire. And it also gave the Ukraine independence, but all of this still couldn’t stop America from entering in 1918. This war gave the combata... ... middle of paper ... ...cements and that’s why it’s the most influential event during the 20th Century. The Great War defined all the other wars that occurred after it-like all the confusion in Europe, dying empires, new expansionistic ambitions, and the will to show the world something new.

By tradition, Russia was the protector of the Slav peoples of the Balkans. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire (an old enemy) in the 19th century, Austria-Hungary was seen by Russia as the new threat. Sazonov, the tsar’s foreign secretary in 1914 described the link between the commitment to defend Slav nationalism in the Balkans and Russia’s long-standing strategic interests: “Russia’s historical mission - the emancipation of Christian peoples of the Balkan peninsula from the Turkish yoke – was almost fulfilled by the beginning of the 20th Century. Although these younger countries no longer needed the guardianship of Russia, they were not strong enough to dispense with her help in the event of any attempt upon their national existence by warlike Teutonism (Germanic expansionism). Serbia in particular was exposed to this danger , having become the object of the decorously concealed covetousness of Austrian diplomacy.

This was intended to mirror the ‘Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité’ of the Révolution française, and indeed had a comparably profound impact on the Russian culture and consciousn... ... middle of paper ... ...iss European culture which is ‘rejecting their roots, … denying moral principles and all traditional identities’, as Mr. Putin puts it, much like Nicholas I did. But the state is also eager to exploit nationalist sentiment proceeding from the spate of migrants. In the absence of a major military victory, like that over Napoleon, something else must fuel patriotism. Nationalism is exceptionally convenient. As Judt argues, the state is indispensable to bind people together.

France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire teamed up to eventually defeat Russia and Russia did not get to Crimea. This current event is very relevant to our topic in class because we’ve been learning about nationalism and imperialism in the 19th century and how it helped unify countries and such. Like the Italian unification they did everything they could get Austria off the country. Ukrainians are doing the same by protesting and rebelling; so, that they can show that they are way more superior than Russian. On March of 2014, Putin signed a treaty that would state that Crimea is part of Russia, sadly.

The relation ship between America and Turkey has improved from 1947. In this relation the geopolitical position of Turkey plays a big role. The Truman Doctrine The first United States anti-Communist action was, in 1947, to begin providing economic aid to countries pressured by outside powers. When Britain announced that it would withdraw aid to Greece and Turkey, the responsibility was passed on to the United States. America was afraid of spreading of communism because of that President Harry S. Truman asked military and economic aid for Greece and Turkey and established a doctrine named as the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years.