paper

The wave motion is the disturbance that passes through the medium. A wave pulse causes the medium to have one oscillation. A continuous travelling wave causes the medium to keep oscillating. Waves transfer energy without transporting matter because each part of the medium oscillates on the spot. A transverse pulse causes the spring to move at right angles to the direction of motion of the pulse.

The final characteristic of a sound wave is its amplitude. Sound is a compression wave. The amplitude is by how much the wave is compressed (kurtus). When a sound is made a vibration is sent through the air. The vibrations are let off by the source, and this leads to something such as an ear to pick up the noise.

An example of this relation is a slinky. When the waves are more separated and it takes less time for the wave to vibrates, the slinky is clearly moving more quickly. 2.Transverse waves are waves that have particles moving perpendicular to the wave motion, while longitudinal waves have particles that move parallel. An example of a transverse wave is a stadium wave. This is transverse because the wave is made by moving up and down, but the wave itself moves side to side.

Natural Convection Heat Transfer Fluid motion over the objects surface is inducted by buoyancy effects that have resulted from the change in density. This change is due to the differences in temperature of the fluid as heat energy is transferred. Forced Convection Heat Transfer Fluid motion over the objects surface is inducted by mechanical means. This is externally introduced by way of a pump or fan. Radiation Heat Transfer Heat energy is transported as electromagnetic waves or photons.

A key component that is crucial in understanding sound is waves. There are two types of mechanical waves, longitudinal and transverse. In both waves the particles must move with the medium. A medium is the type of object or material that carries the energy through a field. In longitudinal waves the particles move in a parallel direction.

Refraction of Light Aim: To find a relationship between the angles of incidence and the angles of refraction by obtaining a set of readings for the angles of incidence and refraction as a light ray passes from air into perspex. Introduction: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law. (Refer to diagram below) The index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium.

A sound wave, like any other wave is introduced into a medium by a vibrating object. The motion of the particles in the medium in which a sound wave vibrates back and forth is measured by the frequency. The frequency of a wave is measured as the number of complete back-and-forth vibrations of a particle of the medium per second. Unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz). The frequency of a wave can be altered by increasing the number of vibrations per second.

Thus with the continuous outward and inward swings of the body that follows a definite pattern of compression and rarefaction of layers and this effect progresses outward from the body in all directions and this is known as wave motion of sound. So sound has a direction quality as well as a spherical wave front. So for propagation of sound wave, medium is

Sound is both the mechanical energy of waves and the sensation produced by receptors in the brain (1). Each wave has an amplitude and a frequency. The amplitude of a vibration corresponds to its volume and is measured by decibels on a logarithmic scale. Frequency is logarithmic, as well, but corresponds to differences in pitch. Greater frequency results in a higher pitch.

When different polarization components of an optical signal experience different indices of refractive, they propagate with different velocities, causing pulse broadening and dispersion. These effect are known as polarization mode dispersion (PMD). PMD are a basic properties of single mode fibers that affects the magnitude of the transmission rate [D191]. Time domain effects of PMD in a shorter fibers length with a pulses being launched with equal powers on the two birefringent axes, x and y, become two pulses at the output separate by the differential group delay (DGD) see Fig. (2.9)