When stars generation energy is not sufficient to counter their gravitational energy they
collapse and evolve into new object. Primarily, the initial mass of the star is what determine how and
to what the star will evolve to. In This paper, we will be studying neutron stars, which is one possible
evolution of supergiant stars that have mass up to 20 time the mass of the sun.
What is are neutron stars
When a supergiant star collapse and it mass is more than the Chandrekhar limit (maximum mass
of stable white dwarf star) but it mass is not great enough to overcome the pressure of the neutrons
a neutron star is born. The term neutron star is referring to a star with mass aboutto and with a
radius close to 12 Km, and with a central density five to ten times higher than the density of nuclear
equilibrium ( )… of neutrons and protons that are found in a laboratory. Neutrons are the dominate
component in nucleonic structure of a neutron star with some protons and electrons.
How do they form?
Fusion reaction of light elements into heaver elements on stars is that keeping the gravitational energy
from collapsing the star. However, heaver elements fall in to the center of the stars creating layer of
elements as fig 1 shows.
Figure.1
The iron core grow in size as other elements change into iron. When iron core mass reaches
Chandrekhar mass limit ( ) the pressure of the electrons that being released due to the high density at
the core can no longer resist gravitational energy, as a result the star start to collapses and shrink in
diameter. As density increases due to the collapse, proton and free electron starts to combine to form a
neutrons and neutrinos.
P: proton
e: electron
Neutrinos are subatomic p...
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...sphere
layer which varies in thickness from 10 cm in hot stars () to a few millimeters in cold ones () is plasma
gaseous thin layer. This layer plays important role in determining the shape of the photon spectrum
and the transfer of the thermal energy. Diving inward comes the second layer, which is the solid crust
that has a density ranging from to. This solid crust is about 1 km and it’s about times stiffer than any
steel on earth. The third layer is a matter that is force to form a neutrons due to high density. The
matter close to the core is matter in superfluid state where matter flow without resistance. Last but not
least, is the core that supports all the heavy matter above. Theories suggest that the extremely dense,
high pressure, and high temperature core is breaking the neutrons to its originals quarks matter, and
resulting in a quark core.
A neutron star, at first glance, may seem like the smallest stellar remnant of them all, but with deeper inspection you will be baffled to know that is it the most massive of all the stellar remnants. This neutron star and it’s many wonders, including contrasts, and levels of understanding is a great image for the cover to represent the paradox and counter intuitive nature of Sharon Olds poems in The Gold Cell; the poem “Summer Solstice” is a great representation of similarity with neutrons stars.
Brown dwarfs are objects in space that sit between the lines of being a star and a planet. This object is dim and hard to distinguish from low mass stars at the early stages of the dwarf’s life. They are often called failed stars because they start their life the same way as regular stars. However, in some stage, they just didn’t have enough mass gathered to generate the fusion-powered energy of a star. Scientists are certain that brown dwarfs are the missing link between stars and planets but the formations of dwarfs are still a mystery.
gravity and you end up with no star at all. The final one is the
The Earth’s core is a massive nuclear fission reactor. The core uses the process of nuclear fission to burn it’s fuel of uranium 235 into lighter elements, or fission byproducts. This core is also responsible for producing much of the geological phenomenon observed on the Earth. Phenomena such as geomagnetism and the periodic shutting down of the Earth’s magnetic field are examples of phenomena that are directly attributed to fission within the Earth. There is also substantial reason to believe that the center of the Earth is a massive nuclear reactor from the empirical data gathered from observations, testing, and logical evidence to support this idea.
Stars explode at the end of their lifetime, sometimes when they explode the stars leave a remnant of gasses and, dust behind. What the gasses come together to form depend on the size of the remnant. If the remnant is less than 1.4 solar masses it will become a white dwarf, a hot dead star that is not bright enough to shine. If the remnant is roughly 1.4 solar masses, it will collapse. “The protons and electrons will be squashed together, and their elementary particles will recombine to form neutrons”. What results from this reaction is called a neut...
If the star is big enough and the pressure inside quickly disappears, gravity would and should slingshot the star into a tiny point with near infinite density with an extremely strong gravitatio... ... middle of paper ... ...is its anti particle. When these particles appear, they will shortly annihilate each other because they are exact opposites (UCR). However, if one of these particle pairs appears at the event horizon of a black hole, the gravity from the black hole will tear the pair of particles apart. The normal particle will have just enough energy to escape the black hole.
Alpha radiation/emission - Alpha particles are the nuclei of a Helium atom 42He. Consisting of two protons and two neutrons, positively charged.
comes up in a crack in the Earth’s crust, it does not come to the surface, but
Core/Interior: The Earth has three layers to it's interior, the inner core, outer core, and mantle. Of these the outer core is thought to be liquid. Like most of the terrestrial planets at birth, the Earth has been molten and undergone some differentiation allowing the heavy material which is consisting mostly of an iron, nickel, and cobalt core making it's density five and a half times the density of water.
Shklovskii, Iosif S. Stars: Their Birth, Life, and Death. Moscow: Central Press for Literature in Physics and Mathematics, 1975.
...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly strong and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The result is a black hole with a gravitational field strong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004).
Our solar system, as we see it today, originally formed from the collapse of a very cold and low-density cloud of gas. The mass of this cloud was composed of 98% hydrogen and helium, 1.4% hydrogen compounds, .4% rock, and .2% metal. The nebula was thought to be a few light years across and was roughly spherical in shape. The cloud was in a state of balance, it was neither contracting or expanding, until a cataclysmic event, most likely a supernova, created a shock wave through the nebula, resulting in an area of higher mass. Once this area became more massive than the rest of the nebula it begin to collapse with the area of hig...
After a supernova, the core is likely to travel someplace else within space. When the core is less size than about 5 solar masses, the neutrons will halt the collapse of the star. This will create a Neutron Star. Neutron stars are observed as pulsars or X-ray binaries. When the core is very large, nothing that h...
The lithosphere is an open system, which contains all of the cold, hard, solid rock of the planet's crust (surface), the hot semi-solid rock that lies underneath the crust, the hot liquid rock near the center of the planet, and the solid iron core (center) of the planet (Answers.com). On Earth, the lithosphere comprises the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is about sixty miles thick (Lenkeit).