Where, A and B are dispersion pH and aging temperature, respectively.
When β-lg is heated above about 60 °C its secondary structure is partially modified (Manderson, Hardman, & Creamer, 1998; Ochenduszko & Buckin, 2010; Qi, et al., 1997) and at 80 °C unfolding of the protein molecules is the rate-determining step of aggregation overall reaction (Dannenberg & Kessler, 1988; Spiegel, et al., 2002). Aggregate size increased with heating time until the steady state is reached and no native protein was left. The steady state is usually a stable dispersion of aggregates or a gel, but in some situations, the gels are macroscopically heterogeneous or the aggregates precipitate. The characteristics of the aggregates strongly depend on the pH and the presence of added salt (Nicolai, et al., 2011). Some researchers showed that by acidifying environment (Alting, Hamer, de Kruif, & Visschers, 2000; Britten & Giroux, 2001), the electrostatic repulsion decreases and leads to gelation of soluble polymer's dispersions without further heating. However, in this study to prevent the formation of gels, d...
The Anasazi civilization was a wonderment of there time. They were far ahead of any Indian civilization of that time era. They were cliff-dwelling people who where very knowledgeable in architecture, astronomy, and farming. They had built houses on the sides of cliffs that were more then 5 stories tall with plenty of space and even had religious meeting areas. They had a system for tracking the movement of the sun and the moon and also created a calendar that could track the summer and winter solstices and even the 19 year cycles of the moon. “..an astronomical refinement Europeans had not even achieved yet.” (Liberty Equality Power pg.31)
In the book, My Ántonia, by Willa Cather, the main character of Jim Burden comes to learn many lessons about life in this coming of age story. The dramatic tale of Jim and his relationships with his family and friends weaves a unique depiction of frontier life that is rarely seen. The lessons that the main character learn throughout his time on the Nebraska plains are powerful values and characteristics that help Jim become the man he is. Jim never comes to the conclusion that his story is about his maturation, as he see the tales as reminiscence of his friend Ántonia. The lessons of education and loyalty are all throughout the novel, but one lesson is at the center of My Ántonia. The idea that people must love others for who they are and not for who they wish they would be is a life altering lesson that makes Jim a dynamic character. The story details the timeline of Jim’s life as he grows up, and then as he is older, his journey of discovering how he can always find his way back to loving the best in people. This lesson can be no more apparent than in Jim and Ántonia’s relationship.
The story begins in a kolba (small cottage) outside of Herat, Afghanistan, in the early 1960s. Mariam is a young girl that lives with her mom Nana. Meanwhile her father Jalil a rich business man, that lives in Herat with his three wives and kids, visits her once a week. Mariam is Jalil’s only bastard child. Her only wish is to live with Jalil and her half-siblings. For her birthday Jalil promised to take her to the movies he owns, but ironically he doesn’t show up that day. Even after being warned by her mother to not go, Mariam heads to Herat in hopes of finding her father’s house. After finding the house, Jalil’s driver stops Mariam from entering the house claiming that her father is outside. Stubborn Mariam waits outside until the
Binder viscosity was altered by changing temperature. The initial dispersion of the binder in the powder depends upon viscosity and shear rate applied. (Schaefer, 1996) Binder viscosity also controls the consolidation rate and hence subsequent growth via coalescence. (Ennis, et al., 1991). Results from Rough et al (2005) showed that increased temperature (lower viscosity), the regimes are reached faster because the binder is able to distribute more effectively in the mixture at a given shear rate which is in accordance with the work reported by Schaefer et al (1996). As LAS paste quantity was increased, mixing time required to form designated regimes decreased. Work done by Hibare (2012) showed that the peak modal granule diameter stays similar in both reactive and non-reactive high viscous binder systems which was said to be as a result of mixing time. Mort et al (2001) stated that the method of binder introduction/addition could influence the width of an agglomerate size distribution. A smaller binder droplet size can result in narrower size distribution. According to Schongut et al (2013), granule size distributions have a weak dependence on agitation rate (impeller speed) but a stronger dependence on the state of the binder. Schongut et al (2013) presented size distribution results at three different temperatures with the highest temperature having the narrowest size distribution. Research experiment work done by Schongut et al (2013) was carried out in a stirred glass reactor with a sodium carbonate powder bed and the binder (dodecyl-benzenesulphonic acid) injected into the bed. The powder bed was in stoichiometric excess and each powder bed was used for two kinetic experiments before discarded. Using the powder bed twice bef...
Imagine reading one of Shakespeare’s plays and then getting the chance of a lifetime to live in that time period the play was set in, seeing the whole city for all its glory and fascination. Then realizing many of Shakespeare’s descriptions all match up with the buildings, the people, and society. Even the smallest details are all around making the city come to life in that society, time and place. Shakespeare wrote his plays in the 1500’s and depicted many of these features in his writing. He made his readers go back to that time and love how the people of that time period lived and how their society worked. One of the most interesting things about two of Shakespeare’s most famous writings, A Midsummer’s Night Dream and Romeo & Juliet, is that they are historically accurate.
.( Ali, M.H and Imperiali, B. (2005) Protein oligomerization: how and why. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 13: 5013-20.)
Figures 3a-d show the effect of polymerization time on %GY (Fig. 3a) ; %GE (Fig. 3b); %TC (Fig. 3c) and %HP (Fig. 3d) at four different temperatures ( 50 0 ; 60 0 ; 70 0 and to 80 0C ). It is evident that , as the reaction time became longer , all polymer yield , except %GE , increased. The polymerization time corresponds to 180 min. brought about the maximum percentages for the positively dependence of polymer criteria.
In summary, this excerpt went over how proteins are a linear polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are various interactions between the amino acids, which are mostly non-covalent, that stabilize the structure of a folded protein. There are 20 unique amino acids found naturally and can be grouped into three categories based off the nature of their R groups located on the side of the amino acids. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic or amino acids with a special R group which are composed of cysteine, glycine and proline. The Alpha helix and beta sheet are the most abundant structures of protein secondary structures. These stabilize hydr...
Liquid crystalline solution are also form in Lyotropic main chain liquid crystalline polymers. In case of Lyotropic main chain liquid crystalline polymers, liquid crystalline solution formed due to the spatial arrangement of the main chain of polymer, not due to the substituent character on polymer main chain. An example of such a polymer is poly (-benzyl-L-glutamate). (Edmir Silva, 2010)
The scientists tested the relationship between actin polymerization and activated beta 1 integrins by changing the way that the actin worked. They decreased the number of polymerizing actin ends by capping with with cytochalasin D in order to see if that would cause the amount of activated beta 1 integrins to decrease. They also increased the actin polymerizing ends with the stabilizer, jasplakinolide in order to see if that would cause the amount of activated beta 1 integrins to
...apidly the foam in the entire area. It must have enough viscosity. Foaming properties of a protein refer to its ability to form a thin tenacious film at gas liquid interface so that large quantities of gas bubbles can be incorporated and stabilized
Many things change and alter how a hydrocolloid substance reacts. Factors added to hydrocolloid mixtures, such as water depending on the amount, can yield a gel or liquid substance. When heat is added or eliminated, the hydrocolloid mixture’s physical behavior changes. They may thicken at low doses to make a gel substance, some may be used as emulsifiers and others may also be used as whipping agents to create foams. When a hydrocolloid is dissolved in water, the water gathers around and is attracted to the sugar units, forming a layer of water with restricted movement. It is this ability to organize and control water that gives hydrocolloids their ability to thicken and gel. With the exception of gelatin, which is a protein, hydrocolloids are polysaccharides (fats) and or complex sugars (carbohydrates). Which is another interesting thing, Hydrocolloids come in all three forms of nutrients. The properties of any hydrocolloid are based on its physical structure (sugars made from) and its chemical properties: size, charge, and the
Thermogravimetry (TG) has been extensively used for the determination of the thermal decomposition kinetics of polymeric binders. The kinetic
In the novel A Thousand splendid suns, Hosseini exemplifies the need for companionship and love through the genuine lack of these characteristics in Mariam, a underappreciated, illegitimate woman. Mariam’s battle for self-worth shapes the sincerity of her relationships with others and how they feel they should treat her. The product of Mariam's experiences illustrates how essential love and companionship are when discovering dignity and purpose through adversity.
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.