The growth and development of companies through mergers and acquisitions is currently one of the most common businesses extension. Associated with external growth policy, mergers and acquisitions are a means by which companies implement the strategy of specialization, vertical integration or diversification. Mergers and acquisitions have increased considerably in recent years and have become important movements in major groups, but also in smaller businesses.
Indicated by the exact meaning of the word, the term merger and acquisition(M&A) describes two different circumstances. A merger is the unification of two or more firms into a new one, while an acquisition is one company’s purchase of the majority of the shares from another(Sherman, 2006). A M&A is thus characterized by the fact that after unification there are fewer firms than before. After an acquisition, however, the target firm can either remain autonomous, or be partially or wholly integrated into the new parent company, although the firms remain independent entities from a legal point of view.
The company’s management must determine new ways of development to ensure long-term growth and the most effective way to launch a new product line, to enter new markets and the right usage of all resources available.
In order to establish the potential profitability of a deal, the criteria used in the selection process of the aimed company are:
• the turnover
• its history
• geographical area
• type of customers
• its position on the market
• technological, industrial, commercial and financial potential
• financial risk
• competitive environment
Sherman (2006) claims that various factors lead to the decision of going international among which the most important are: the strong...
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...ation enable sharing activities of intangible nature like concepts, know-how, financial or research actions. The internal development of a company requires innovation capacities that the acquiring company may not possess.
As stated in Philippe (2004), the phenomenon of mergers and acquisitions means catching opportunities because if the buyer doesn’t take advantage of it, the seller will look after other offers. For this reason, the top management must organize people quickly.
Particular attention should be paid to the management of risks associated with the operation of M&A, and this is achieved by audits. One of the main causes of failure of mergers and acquisitions is the overestimation of the alliances. When identifying and assessing resources values are unrealistic, they negatively influence value creation provided by the business plan during their integration.
fail (Cheng, 2012). Mergers and acquisitions are much common in these days and only a few of them are end up in successes. Even though mergers and acquisitions are not result much successes rate, many organizations are still preferring it because, it is used as a cooperative strategy but nowadays it is used for cooperative development. The cultural differences and merger integration can be considered as an important factor for the failure rate but this study mainly focused
The September Duke University/CFO Business Outlook survey indicates that three-quarters of the CFOs surveyed expect M&A activity to slow. Of particular interest is the suddenness of this change in expectations. In the prior quarter’s survey, the majority of surveyed CFOs expected M&A to “stay strong through the remainder of 2007.”
Gaughan, P. A., 2002. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate restructuring. 3rd ed.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brenda, I must start by saying I am not in total agreement with the notion that mergers and acquisitions are fast and efficient ways to get into new markets. Casing point the current case of wellcome, no one could prove to me in any way that this merger was anything close to efficient. I would, however, agree that it can be a faster way to get into a new market and consolidate resources. Per (Hussinger, 2010), technology acquisitions can strengthen the firms’ technological competencies, on the one hand. A bundling of competencies can be important in order to stay competitive in fast-growing markets. Effective communication in my view can be one of the key ingredients to having a successful merger. It
It is proper to present a business definition of merger as it found on legal reference with the ultimate goal in the pursuing of an explanation on which this paper intents to present. A merger in accordance with the textbook is legally defined as a contractual and statuary process in which the (surviving corporation) acquires all the assets and liabilities of another corporation (the merged corporation). The definition go even farther to involve and clarify about what happen to shares by explaining the following; “the shareholders of the merged corporation either are paid for their share or receive the shares of the surviving corporation”. But in simple terms is my attempt to define as the product or birth of a corporation on which typically extends its operation by combining with another corporation. So from two on existence corporations in the process it gets absorbed into becomes one entity. The legal definition also implied more than meet the eye. The terms contractual and statuary, it implied a process on which contracts and statuary measures emerge as measures to regulate, standardized, governing or simply at times may complicate whole process. These terms provide an explicit umbrella and it becomes as part of the agreement formulating or promoting a case for contracts to be precedent, enforced or regulated in a now or in the future under a court of law under the Contract Business Law Statue of Practice. As for what happens to the shares of the involved corporations no more explanation is needed as the already actions mentioned clearly stated of the expectations of a merge’s share involvement.
Conglomerate mergers result in joining of firms which compete in different product markets, and which are situated at different production stages of the same or similar products. That is to say, neither the products nor the inputs of these merging firms are the same. Conglomerate mergers result in significant advantages gained by the merging firms since they are the fastest means of entry into different activity fields in the shortest possible time span. Moreover, they reduce the financial risks by “not putting all the eggs in one basket” (Gaughan, 2007). There are three types of conglomerate mergers:
A merger occurs when two or more organizations decide to join forces and become one organization. One or more organizations must dissolve for this to happen. Sometimes all involved organizations dissolve and take on a completely new name. Sometimes one organization survives, and keeps their name, while the dissolved organization(s) must fall into the surviving organization's business structure. In the for-profit sector, this latter situation would be considered an "acquisition". However, in non-profit organizations, there are no owners. Therefore, since the ownership of another organization cannot be acquired, legally it would be considered a merger (Strategic Restructuring).
When companies merge, frequently they have an opportunity to combine locations or reduce operating costs by integrating and streamlining support function. This economic strategy has to do with economies of scale: When the total cost of production of services or products is lowered as the volume increases, the company therefore maximizes total profits. This occurs when a larger firm with increased output can reduce average costs. Lower average costs enable lower prices for consumers. Mergers can give the acquiring company an opportunity to grow market share without having to really earn it by doing the work themselves - instead, they buy a competitor's business for a price.
The soft factors can make or break a successful change process, since new structures and strategies are difficult to build upon inappropriate cultures and values. These problems often come up in the dissatisfying results of spectacular mega-mergers. The lack of success and synergies in such mergers is often based in a clash of completely different cultures, values, and styles, which make it difficult to establish effective common systems and structuresBased on the case study, extensive research and annual reports of AT&T the writer has mapped AT&T in the different domains. AT&T should strive to attain a perfect circle as close to the centre as possible, which indicates total synergy, order and equilibrium. Where the circle is skewed drastic change is needed as it moves closer to the outer ring of chaos:
Mergers usually take place when companies are struggling on their own, but find hope and comfort in uniting with another company. This unite is a great way to create new companies, combine revenues, establishing new policies, procedures, and objectives. It also opens up new doors, and allows new companies to expand in so many different aspects of their business. Part of the mergering phrase should include the planning process to assist with determining the objectives of the business’ long term investments goals. This could also open up the door for new products, new machinery, new plants, replacement of machinery, new locations, new projects, as well as the tangible and intangible things both companies already have.
Hill, C.W.L (2005). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. New York, NY
In order to achieve this, business must think about how many workers they should hire. By doing so, they are making sure that they are not spending all their money on their workers. Another aspect that business consider is whether or not they should take part in mergers. Mergers include, horizontal and vertical mergers. Horizontal mergers, deal with merging with another company that produces the same good and at the same process as you. This is a great for business, that are trying to save money by letting go of their worker. On the other hand, vertical mergers deal with merging with another company that produces the same product as you but at a different process. This is great for business that are trying to save money on manufacturing and paying for less labor. Not only do mergers, allow business to better achieve their goal by hiring less labor it also allows them to save money on advertising. There are many aspects business must take in consideration in order to produce the most money
A company must identify its strengths and weaknesses in order to develop growth. Downsizing products is more important than developing new products. A company must be able to identify where there weak markets are at. Times change and so do products. The products that are less profitable or simply aged are the ones that must be downsized in order to make way for a different, more innovative market. When developing growth strategies a company must use the product/market expansion grid. First the company has to figure out whether they can have better market penetration, second they must consider looking for market possibilities for current products. Third they must develop their products into innovative products that people can’t live without having. Lastly they need to be diverse with their company, therefore expanding and including different features to the company could draw more attention from different
Strategic management is important to acquisitions because how a product is procured, manufactured and shipped is an integral part of a business. A weak supply chain can lead to excessive costs due to wasted time and fuel while shipping if routes and transportation methods are not properly selected. Also, if deliveries are not made on schedule, customers will be dissatisfied with the service. If a warehouse is not properly managed and organized, orders may not be filled in a timely manner or products could be damaged leading to excessive waste. Companies who enter into contracts to obtain or provide products or services need to be able to effectively negotiate so that they receive the best value for their company. To do this, they need to be aware of what their company’s advantages and disadvantages are as well as what goals and benefits they are trying to gain. Companies need to analyze how well their acquisition process works so that they can be sure that it adds to the competitive advantage of the industry as a
When entrepreneurs plan their business future they will consider how they can increase their business size or profit in a short period. Entrepreneurs may consider growing their business or company by using a merger or an acquisition. These methods can be a speed up tool and a short cut to enlarge their business. (Burns, 2011) Also they can reduce competition, make it easier for entrepreneurs to think about the market and product development and risk reduction. Furthermore, some lesser – known companies can improve their firm’s image and market power by using merger and acquisition with larger firms. However, there may be risks associated with merger and acquisition related to lack of finance and time. (Burns, 2011) This essay will discuss more deeply the advantages and disadvantages of using mergers and acquisitions, showing how it can affect firms and market with the case study.