Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
operant conditioning and phobias
operant conditioning and phobias
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
memories
592 Words2 Pages
Recommended: operant conditioning and phobias
Do disagreeable memories cause phobias? Memories come from many aspects in our lives. Some anxiety disorders are classified as phobias. Phobias are subjective to the mind and only developed through classical conditioning .Each memory will have some effect on our behaviors. Phobias have been described as fear or the feeling of anxiety and most have some negative result of one’s life. Many phobias are learned or brought on by experiences or classical conditioning. Once a phobia is recognized the phobia is usually avoided using operant conditioning.
1.Classical conditioning experiences have brought on phobias attributed to traumatic events that happened earlier .2. Ian Pavlov used a dog in his explanation of classical conditioning. Noticing the dog would salivate when presented with a bowl of food. Pavlov then rang a bell when presenting the food to the dog. After a time the food was taken away however when the bell was wrung the dog still salivated in anticipation of the food. The phobia is then retrieved from a triggering event or psychotheory One such event maybe that of a ph...
Related
Agoraphobia and its Impact on a Person's Life
1278 Words | 3 PagesAs with all other phobias, agoraphobia is often acquired through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Weiten, 1998). Describing and explaining exactly how agoraphobia is acquired can be achieved by identifying the antecedents of the phobia. Antecedents are the events that precede a particular response. In the case of agoraphobia, this response is a panic attack. Agoraphobia is essentially anxiety of three kinds, phobic anxiety, panic anxiety (the panic attacks), and phobic a...
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder from the Biological Perspective
808 Words | 2 PagesPreparedness theory of phobia is a concept developed to explain why specific connections to objects are learned...
Classical Conditioning and Its Role in Forming Fobias
1029 Words | 3 PagesBefore we can explore phobias and how they are formed we need to examine classical conditioning, as this is at the heart of all phobias. Classical conditioning was first developed by Ivan Pavlov and when we talk about classical conditioning, we talk about stimuli producing responses. A stimulus is an event that subjects can perceive through their senses. Sounds, odours, tastes, and pain are all types of stimuli. Responses are the reaction to the stimuli; these can be described as behaviour. Shivering, jumping, salivation, for example are responses. Classical conditioning happens when two stimuli are paired with each other (Table 1). One stimulus creates a response naturally (a reflex). Pavlov referred to this as unconditional stimuli (US). The response produced by a US is known as an unconditional response (UR), and it usually involves a reflex action evoked by the US (for example, muscle flexion, salivation), (Davies & Buskiet, 2008). Pavlov, who began his career as a physiologist, set up an experiment using dogs and by using a s...
Cue and Contextual Fear Conditioning
1476 Words | 3 PagesFear conditioning is a commonly used behavioral paradigm to test an organism’s ability to create associations and learn to avoid aversive stimuli. There are two methodologies: cue and contextual fear conditioning (Kim & Jung, 2006). In cued fear conditioning, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) which activates a strong unconditioned fear responses (UR). After a continued training period, the neutral CS is now able to activate a conditioned response (CR). Similarly, context conditioning occurs when the background or context cues, during the condition training, is able to predict the US and activate the fear response. For example, a mice can be placed in a novel environment and given an aversive stimulus (e.g. footshock). When the mice is returned to that same environment, it will display a CR (e.g. freezing). The mice’s ability for contextual fear conditioning is dependent on whether it was able to learn and associate its environment with the aversive stimulus. (Curzon, Rustay, and Browman, 2009)
Memory
976 Words | 2 PagesI. Introduction II. Dementia Senility is a misused term for the loss of ability to think, reason, and remember in older persons. Senility is not a medical condition; it is not normal, natural, or inevitable with aging; it is not limited to older people either. The term senility is replaced in most of my pertinent research by the medical term dementia, which seems to describe a group of symptoms that represent a change or deterioration from an individual's previous level of functioning (Tueth, 1995). Dementia has specific causes, which impair long-term memory and quite relevantly;: language, judgment, spatial perception, behavior, and often personality, interfering with normal social and occupational functioning.
Nature and Nurture
585 Words | 2 PagesClassical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
Fear of Flying and Classical Conditioning Theory
692 Words | 2 PagesHow Lauren learned she had a fear in flying? Using the Classical Conditioning theory the possibilities could be endless. Classical conditioning in simple terms is the method in which one determines why and the cause of a condition as well as what has brought it about. There are many stimulus both conditioned and unconditioned that can cause fear or other problems, but the major reason for causes regarding the fear of flying has been mentioned in several articles regarding anxiety disorders.
Pavlov's and Erikson's Theories
1971 Words | 4 PagesIvan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning
2333 Words | 5 PagesPavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’
Pavlov's Dogs
564 Words | 2 PagesWe have all heard of Pavlov's Dogs, the experiment where the dogs "drooled" at the sounding of a bell. But, do we know of the details of this infamous experiment? What do we know of the man, beyond that he could ring bells? It is my intention, in this brief dissertation, to shed more light on his life and his experiments.
Classical Conditioning Theory
1198 Words | 3 PagesThe strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
Analysis Of Keeping Up With The Kardashians
704 Words | 2 PagesIvan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, described a certain form of conditioning called Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning deals with individual’s instinctive responses to specific situations and stimulants. This entire method of causing an individual to learn certain responses and ways revolves completely around behaviors that people don’t actually control. It deals with behaviors that people
Ivan Pavlov and His Theory on Classical Conditioning
673 Words | 2 PagesIn the case study involving Mavis, who has always enjoyed playing 'catch' with her friend's Great Dane “angus” we see a great example of classical conditioning. Mavis in this case experienced a psychological change of behavior. Her fear of the dog bite which occurred accidentally was generalized to other dogs. Her generalization of dogs as unfriendly and harmful would transcend to other dogs which are indeed not harmful, this is known as stimulus generalization due to classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is the leading behavioral motivator and shaper. Higher order conditioning would lead to classical conditioning where an organism is conditioned to generalize stimulus that is closely related to the conditioned behavior. This will lead to a child say, Marvis to be afraid of all pets and four legged domestic animals of the cat family.
Classical Conditioning Essay
717 Words | 2 PagesClassical conditioning can be describe as a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. It was first described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958). In the 1920 's John b. Watson and Rosaline Rayner trailed to show how fear can be induced in an infant through classical conditioning. Designating conditional emotional reactions attempt would become the most infamous psychology studies that has been conducted and would be entitled "the case of little Albert”. Watson goal was to get Albert very afraid of the white rat by comparing the white rat with a very loud, clashing
Behaviorism
1792 Words | 4 PagesA Russian neurophysiologist, named Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), found that if he consistently sounded a tone at the same time that he gave a dog food, the dog would eventually salivate to the sound of the tone alert. Through this research he discovered a basic mechanism of learning called the Conditioned Reflex. A Conditioned Reflex is if a neutral stimulus (i.e. the tone) is paired with a nonneutral stimulus (i.e. the food), the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the nonneutral stimulus. Perhaps the strongest application of classical conditioning involves emotion. Common experience and careful research both confirm that human emotion conditions very rapidly and easily. Particularly when the emotion is intensely felt or negative in direction, it will condition quickly. His findings raised the possibility that many of our responses, like those of the dogs, were the result of a simple learning process. In other words, our loves and hates, our tastes and distastes might be the consequences of nothing more mysterious that a conditioning process whereby various things in our environment became "linked" in our min...
More about memories
Agoraphobia and its Impact on a Person's Life
1278 Words | 3 PagesObsessive Compulsive Disorder from the Biological Perspective
808 Words | 2 PagesClassical Conditioning and Its Role in Forming Fobias
1029 Words | 3 PagesCue and Contextual Fear Conditioning
1476 Words | 3 PagesMemory
976 Words | 2 PagesNature and Nurture
585 Words | 2 PagesFear of Flying and Classical Conditioning Theory
692 Words | 2 PagesPavlov's and Erikson's Theories
1971 Words | 4 PagesTheories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning
2333 Words | 5 PagesPavlov's Dogs
564 Words | 2 PagesClassical Conditioning Theory
1198 Words | 3 PagesAnalysis Of Keeping Up With The Kardashians
704 Words | 2 PagesIvan Pavlov and His Theory on Classical Conditioning
673 Words | 2 PagesClassical Conditioning Essay
717 Words | 2 PagesBehaviorism
1792 Words | 4 Pages