Parkinson’s disease is found mostly in adults over the age of 50. A failure of the central nervous system where the brain cells are being slowly destroyed that produces dopamine which allows controlling of our motor skills. The lack of dopamine can cause problems to the body and show symptoms of loss of movement, shivering and shaking, and also even paralysis. Coffee is known to be one of the most addictive drugs in the world and even though it might sound harmful it can also provide benefits to the human body. Throughout this review it hypothetically shows the correlation between the consumption of caffeinated coffee and how it can reduce the symptoms or even prevent the risk of having Parkinson’s disease. These next six literature reviews will provide its hypothesis and studies based on this research.
The first article written and reviewed by multiple authors explains the connection of consuming caffeine reduces the chance of Parkinson’s disease. Even though the physiological aspect of having caffeine is not fully understandable but caffeine protects neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin model of PD by blocking the adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) (Saaksjarvi, et al., 2008). In order to find the results to this experiment the researchers did a five case-control study, two of them being cohort, and came to conclusion that there was an inverse reaction of the caffeine towards the disease (Saaksjarvi, et al., 2008). These results provided proof on how caffeine does help reduce the chance of getting Parkinson’s disease even though they fully didn’t understand on why it does. There are also experiments on how caffeine helps the movement with patients that has Parkinson’s disease. They provide...
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...ogy (AAN). (2012). Coffee may help some Parkinson’s disease movement symptoms, research suggests. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120801165353.htm
American Journal Epidemiology. (2004) Coffee Consumption, Gender, and Parkinson’s Disease Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II Cohort: The Modifying Effects of Estrogen
160 (10):977-984.doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh312
Hamza Taye H., et al. (2011) Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Study Identifies Glutamate Receptor Gene GRIN2A as a Parkinson’s disease Modifier Gene via Interaction with Coffee, 7
President and Fellow of Harvard College. (2002) Caffeine reduces risk of Parkinson's. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/05.10/12-caffeine.html
Saaksjarvi, K., Knekt P., Rissanen H., Laaksonen MA., Reunanen A., Mannisto S. (2008) Prospective study of coffee consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease, 62, 908-915
Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, is the main psychoactive ingredient in energy drinks, which enhances alertness and mood, and counteracts symptoms of sleep. There is no doubt ...
"Parkinson Disease." Genetics Home Reference. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, n.d. Web. May 2012. .
Goldmann, David R., and David A. Horowitz. American College of Physicians Home Medical Guide to Parkinson's Disease. New York: Dorling Kindersley Pub., 2000. Print.
With more than 200,000 US cases per year, Parkinson’s disease has become a major part
The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible causes. Nigral and basal loss of neurons with depletion of dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is the principal biochemical alteration in Parkinson disease. Symptoms in basal ganglia disorders result from an imbalance of dopaminergic (inhibitory) and cholinergic (excitatory) activity in the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia.
Tarnopolsky, Mark. (1999) Gender Differences in Metabolism: Practical and nutritional implications; Caffeine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 155-200
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by resting tremor, slowed movements, rigidity and postural instability (Casey G, 2013). It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s (Martin and Mills, 2012). There is a great variability in reported incidence rates, probably due to difference in diagnostic criteria and case ascertainment, with reported rates in Australia and in Western countries ranging from 8.6 to 19.0 per 100,000 population (J Macphee and D Stewart, 2012). The two main brain structures affected by Parkinson’s are the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is located in the midbrain and other parts of the basal ganglia, w...
Langston, J. W. "Current Theories on the Cause of Parkinson’s Disease. " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 13-i7.
Parkinson's Disease is a perpetual, dynamic, neurodegenerative sickness of the elderly for the most part influencing individuals at the age of 60. Nearly 5 million people are suffering from this disease all over the world and 1.2 million people are suffering in United States and Canada with approximately 480 per million people are newly diagnosed each year. This disease not only affects the patient but also it is a cause of worry among patient's loved ones and family members. Though, the news of the recent disease diagnosis haunt every individual and his nears and dears but due to several support groups and societies and several scientific breakthroughs have put a ray of hope in the life of individual living with Parkinson's disease.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) has published several informational papers on Parkinson’s disease that can be found at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm. More than a dozen genes have been identified to influence the risk of developing the disease if they are altered. Genes found in the Parkinson disease gene family have a variety of functions in the brain, as well as other activities in other organs and tissues. The survival of particular nerve cells, called neurons, have been impacted by the mutations of these genes, which impact the normal movement, balance and coordination.... ...
Parkinson’s disease is “Characterized by the degeneration of the substantia nigra within the basal ganglia, causing a gradual decrease of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Webb & Adler, 2008, p. 296). This disease is yet to have a known cause, although researchers are working hard in search of one. In other words, Parkinson’s disease is described as a dopamine deficiency in the caudate nucleus and the putamen (Webb & Adler, 2008, p. 176), and an excess amount of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. There is no answer as to why there is a breakdown of these nerve cells that cause Parkinson’s disease. Researchers are pointing to genetic and environmental factors that may be the cause (The Michael J Fox, n.d.).
The media fails to project the negative effects of excessive caffeine intake. This literature review will illustrate how excessive caffeine consumption can be detrimental to one’s life, and how problematic caffeine use derives from conditioning by the caffeine industry. Caffeine is the single most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the United States (Einöther & Giesbrecht, 2013). According to Einöther and Giesbrecht (2013), 80% of the world’s population consumes caffeinated products every day, with coffee and tea being the primary sources. In the recent years, the demand for coffee has increased, causing the caffeine industry to create an expansion of coffee shops, new caffeinated beverages (Bailey, Saldanha, Gahche, & Dwyer, 2014), and mass-media advertising.
Coffee is the first thing that people associate with instant energy on a groggy morning. “In the U.S., coffee is king of beverages” (Reinke) Research has been done that has named coffee as an addiction to the people who consume large quantities of it. Coffee was named the top source of antioxidants. This is partly because of the amount consumed each day. Some of the antioxidants that coffee has are quinines and chlorogenic acid. It also contains trigonelline, an antibacterial compound. This is where coffee acquires its delicious aroma. Now let’s step back for a minute and just think about how much caffeine people consume. In an 8oz cup of coffee it has about 85 milligrams of caffeine. This is about double the amount that tea contains. Studies have shown that caffeine stimulates the brain and nervous system. This is where you get that energized feeling. After about the third cup, knees start to bounce, pens are clicking and people start running laps around the office. Caffeine can become addicting if you drink too much. Coffee can become that addictive habit people are unable to shake.
Millions of Americans begin each day by consuming the most widely used drug in the United States: Caffeine. Over 90% of United States adults consume caffeinated food or beverages on a daily basis and over 50% take more than the recommended amount. Our innocent daily ritual can turn into an addiction for some because many do not realize that caffeine is even a drug let alone the effects it can have on their bodies. Its use it becoming more and more prominent in our society. It’s not uncommon to walk outside and see a Starbucks or coffee shop on each corner. Innovative foods are coming out infused with coffee, and energy drinks are being pushed at every angle. Caffeine to many is a necessity to wake up in the morning and for others to stay up all night. This is dangerous because people are not only becoming more and more dependent on coffee drinks and energy drinks but they are beginning to ingest more of it each day and are now mixing it with other drugs that can be life threatening. Proper knowledge is important when taking any drug including one that the FDA considers to be a safe multi-purpose food substance and education is the key.
Focus: Many research studies have examined how coffee affects the brain and its functions, and with a healthy diet coffee has many benefits – but also disadvantages.