It is well known that the methanogens are the most active in the pH range of 6.5-8.0, whereas the optimal pH range for acid producing bacteria is 5.0-6.0 (Haandel and Lettinga, 1994). If pH of the reactor is beyond the range of 6.0-8.0, methanogenic activity is hindered and it subsequently results in reduced performance of the reactor. Low pH is mainly caused by VFA accumulation that indicates poor methanogenic activity in the system leading to system failure. Therefore, pH is a crucial factor that needs to be maintained and it helps to demonstrate good performance of the digester. Maintenance of pH depends on buffering capacity of the system, besides a properly balanced methanogenic community.
Borja and Banks (1995) indicated importance of good buffering capacity of the system when a shock of influent pH of both acidic (3) or basic (10) during a 10 h period did not disturb the stability of a well buffered system. However, in wastewater treatment plants, it is not always possible to have good buffering capacity due to type of waste being degraded and under that circumstance pH i...
In the pH homeostasis lab, 6 experiments were conducted. The hypotheses were: If base is added to water then the pH will increase; If acid is added to water then the pH will decrease; If base is added to homogenate, then the pH will increase; If acid is added to homogenate, then the pH will decrease; If acid or base is added to buffer, then the pH will remain the same. After the experiments were conducted, the graphs were somewhat similar to the hypotheses.
PH can affect the way fermentation occurs due to the chemical differences between acid and alkaline elements, particularly within a solution. In this experiment an enzyme-based reaction was examined that in order to observe this pH trend. The aim of the experiment was to determine how pH affects the yeast fermentation rate by performing the experiment numerous times with a different pH (pH's 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) in different glucose solutions. The hypothesis was ‘If the pH is lower than the neutral point, then the fermentation reaction will occur faster?.’ The experiment conducted was to measure the amount of carbon dioxide (C02) produced by the yeast during fermentation whilst modifying the pH of the glucose solution. To test this every 5 minutes
Water relatively has no buffering capacity, so when we added a drop of HCl in the water the pH of water dropped from 7.97 to 6.66. This indicates that water has a weak buffering capacity. While when we added a drop of HCl in our buffer solution, the pH went from 7.30 to 7.28. It did resisted pH change well. There was a very small change in the pH. Theoretically, the pH should have dropped a few units but again this could be the experimental errors occurring during the
Daisy : A young girl easily attracted by money instead of truth and honesty. Daisy is trapped in a patriarchal society that is almost completely dominated by men. Women have always been held to a lower standard. Most women at that time couldn’t even vote for the majority of Daisy’s lifetime. I woke up out of the ether after delivering a baby with an utterly abandoned feeling and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl.
What does it mean to live in a well lived life? Some may define it as where one’s living necessities are met. Others may put value on relationships between other sentient beings. How does such a multitude of social injustices and poor living conditions exist within a country that claims to promote equality for all people? A common expression is that America is a melting pot. In truth, America is a melting pot of discrimination and injustice. For example, African Americans, who are 13% of the population and 14% of drug users, are not only 37% of the people arrested for drugs but 56% of the people in state prisons for drug offenses. Institutional racism is a vital factor that permeates numerous injustices throughout our society. Institutional racism refers to specific policies and/or institutions which consistently result in unequal treatment for particular groups. I argue that institutional racism constitutes an injustice and through using Rawls theory, the veil of ignorance, institutional racism can be rectified.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
The individual I interviewed is Dan Rach, he is one of my co-workers. He was born on November 19, 1942. Dan is the second born in his family out of five children. Unfortunately three of his siblings died shortly after they were born. His oldest brother is six years older than him and his sister is six years younger than him. Dan was raised in a typical Irish Catholic Family in a typical Irish neighborhood, on the south side of Chicago. His father was a businessman, and his mother was a stay at home mom. At age forty-two Dan’s father died leaving his mother at time age thirty-six, to raise the children and provide support. His mother immediately had to start taking classes in order to continue selling insurance.
Does the food industry affect society? Evidently, it does. America’s food industry has gotten out of hand with the method it currently handles its business. According to the documentary, “Food Inc.,” food companies are brutally taking advantage of their employees and consumers. Plus, the chances of our food being contaminated food are much higher than they were in the past. Aside from these reasons, government subsidies have influenced the cycle at which the food industry works on. Clearly, the food industry has an extremely negative effect on society.
Christopher Marlowe is a late sixteenth-century writer sometimes placed “close to Shakespeare in his achievement” (Ribner 212); Marlowe's pastoral poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” (1599) was even initially “ascribed to Shakespeare” (Brooke 393). With a different tone than most of his dramatic work, Marlowe's poetry often includes a male and a female character in a real or imagined romantic relationship. “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” portrays a somewhat powerful male character who performs all of the action, while the female character is portrayed as passive and superficial. Like many of the metaphysical poets of the next century, Marlowe's sixteenth century male character uses rhetoric to seduce the female character (which is paradoxical since the men tend to praise and ideal chaste women), and in the case of Marlowe's Shepherd, the rhetoric he uses tends to focus on superficial promises of idealistic love and pleasure. He enforces the common theme of carpe diem suggesting that there will be immediate gratification of their sexual passions, escaping societal rules and returning to a pristine condition of happiness. Furthermore, the Shepherd is often so preoccupied with convincing his lover “to come live with” him and be his “love” (Marlowe 20), that at times he becomes forceful, sexual and aggressive by using double entendres and hidden sexual images. Thus, in “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” not only does Marlowe's poetry reinforce gender stereotypes of the male as active and the female as acted upon, Marlowe's male character goes one step further and use aggression to get what he wants from his female lover: her body.
Wei Y., Van Houten R. T., Borger A. R., Eikelboom D, H., Fan Y., 2003. Minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment. Water Research 37, 4453-44671.
In attached growth systems, microbes get attached to a surface to form a biofilm. The formation of the biofilm depends on factors like the type of surface used, presence of polymeric molecules on the surface and cell-cell interactions. Wastewater is passed through the surfaces on which the biofilms are attached. The microorganisms in the biofilm utilize the organic matter present in the wastewater and subsequently, the biofilms grow. There are four predominant reactor types that utilize this technology. Trickling Filters (TFs), Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Systems, Constructed Wetlands and Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) (Sehar & Naz, 2016). Trickling Filters and Membrane Bioreactors are focused on in this
We are now a consumer based society, where we rely entirely on buying alone, not the trio of production, jobs, and purchasing. The economy now revolves around Starbucks. This has cost us our jobs because the production and the job part have moved overseas, where cheap labors are easily acquired. Drinking Starbucks’ coffee is more than just about the quality and the functionality; it’s about an expression of longing, a source of entertainment, a strategy for mood management, and a form of symbolic communication about class and social standing. This gave rise to the “Starbucks Moment.” Starbucks Moment is when the company popped up everywhere from airports, malls, parking lots, street corners, and social medias, like Facebook to television shows and movies. Since buying Starbucks meant buying social status, many Americans thought that it will make their private and public lives better. This “desire” for better life allowed the corporation to slowly encroach upon our private lives. The company took over the civic institutions, due to the pullback of community, the state, and other binding agents, which allowed brands like Starbucks the chance to sell more of their “luxurious” products, garner allegiance and profits by reaching deeper into our lives. They talked and acted like NGO or a political party and by making claims that they are serving for the greater good, they made it harder for government agencies to reclaim their legitimacy as vital decision makers in domestic and foreign policies. However, in reality, they are working for the shareholders at Wall Street. Therefore, when we consume Starbucks, we are giving away parts of our environment, our culture, and even our politics, as they take over more state functions.