5. THE RSA ALGORITHM
The RSA algorithm is a public key encryption algorithm. In this algorithm, one user uses a public key and other user uses a secret (private key) key. In the RSA algorithm each station independently and randomly chooses two large primes p and q number and then multiplies them to produce n = pq which is the modulus used in the arithmetic calculations of the algorithm. The RSA algorithm is as follows
Select two large prime numbers p, q
Compute
n= p x q v= (p-1) x (q-1)
Select small odd integer k relatively prime to v gcd(k ,v) = 1
Compute d such that
(d x k) mod v = (k x d) mod v = 1
Public key is (k, n)
Private key is (d, n)
Output: n, d and k.
RSA algorithm is used multiple times here, to generate keys for every newly registered user. Since it is used multiple times, here it is referred as M-RSA algorithm. The RSA algorithm for encryption and decryption is done as follows
Encryption: Compute E(M) = (Mk) mod n
Decryption: Compute D(M) = (E(M)d) mod n
The decryption key could not be derived from the encryption key. The encryption algorithm, E and decryption algorithm D,had to meet the following requirements as follows :
1) D(E(P)) = P , where P is the plain text
2) It is difficult to deduce D from E
3) E cannot be broken by a chosen plaintext attack.
If D decryption algorithm is applied to an encrypted message, E(P), then the original plain text message is acquired back.For second condition,D cannot be deduced from E. E is the encryption key, so it E cannot be made public.
6. PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL
The proposed concept is a key management scheme which is developed from the combination of two multicast scenarios [14] which are Broadcast encryption and group key agreement.
In Bro...
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...s is carried out by the administrator and the details about the group operations are monitored and recorded. Table.2 shows the recorded details about the group and its member’s operation.
The process of RSA algorithm with p as 5, q as 11, D as 27 and plain text as “abcdefghij” is tabulated as follows.
Plain text Encryption symbolic Numeric P3 P3 mod(55) a 1 1 1 b 2 8 8 c 3 27 27 d 4 64 09 e 5 125 15 f 6 216 51 g 7 343 13 h 8 512 17 i 9 729 14 j 10 1000 10
Table.1 Encryption process
User name Login Logout Machine IP Port Domain status
John 12:55:03 1:40:09 127.0.0.1 4005 Domain1 yes
James 6:14:23 8:30:15 192.168.1.2 4009 Domain3 no
Tom 3:45:26 4:40:18 127.0.0.1 4005 Domain1 no
Robert 2:20:40 5:19:25 192.168.1.1 4014 Domain2 yes
Henry 8:40:15 9:12:35 127.0.0.2 4006 Domain3 no
Table.2 Recorded details about the group members operations.
M. Ito, A. Saito, and T. Nishizeki. Secret sharing scheme realizing general access structure. In Proceedings of the IEEE
What is encryption? Encryption is a technological technique that protects and secures the transfer of plain text information between two sources through the use of the internet. This is done by rearranging the text using a mathematical algorithm that renovates the message into an indecipherable form, which can only be unlocked and translated with a use of a key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its length, which is determined by the number of bits and by the type of encryption program.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
RSA is the encryption and network security division of EMC, assisting top organizations to solve complex IT security challenges. RSA’s products and mission consist of a combinations of business-critical controls, encryption, and tokenization to secure access to organizations IS infrastructure. The Security Division offers a wide range of two-factor authentication solutions to help organizations assure user identities and meet regulatory compliance requirements. The authentication keys come in a variety of forms such as hardware and software authenticators that can be applied to a range of computer devices.
This type of encryption key administration is to create an extra key for decoding the data and is kept secure in escrow by an authorised 3rd party. We can also call this as a backup key or split-key. This kind of encryption method is been using to recover the data if a user forgot the password.
Since, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) introduced independently in 1985, by Neal Koblitz and Victor S. Miller. ECC Algorithms widely start uses in 2004 to 2005. ECC has become another way to provide security as Public Key Cryptosystem and it has been introduced in many popular standards such as E.g. RSA, ECDH. ECC provide top level of security with a shorter key size. This Research Paper presents all type of Popular Attacks on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
A reliable environment for teams to exchange information in a secure manner may be a necessity for virtual teams; therefore, security can pose another challenge. Different types of projects may require different levels of security. A virtual private network may be necessary to ensure that information is passed securely to the desired recipients. Authentication and encryption techniques can guarantee secure transmission of electronic...
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
Decryption: Receiver collects all the interpolation points, retrieves the original message using the algorithm in fig2. Step 2 is used for constructing polynomial function is achieved by
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
within the groups process. In the Final stage the members as well as the organization recognize
For thousands of years cryptography and encryption have been used to secure communication. Military communication has been the leader of the use of cryptography and the advancements. From the start of the internet there has been a greater need for the use of cryptography. The computer had been invented in the late 1960s but there was not a widespread market for the use of computers really until the late 1980s, where the World Wide Web was invented in 1989. This new method of communication has called for a large need for information security. The internet allows people to communicate sensitive information, and if received into the wrong hands can cause many problems for that person.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
...ne K. D., Sheats P., ‘Functional Roles of Group Members’ (Bill Staples, ICA Associates Inc. 2007)