International Sweaty Plants
Sergiu Pocol, Westheights P.S.
Background, Purpose, and Hypothesis
A criteria for living things is to be able to adapt to their environment. The planet earth, having very diverse climates throughout its regions, has forced plants to adapt by changing many things such as plant structure and processes. The purpose of this investigation is to discover how the many climates of this world have forced plants to adapt to survive in terms of transpiration since, plants lose so much water by this process (An estimated 95%). I hypothesize that the drier the climatic region from which a plant comes from the lower the transpiration rate because it is believed a reason for why these type of plants should be watered so little is a low transpiration rate (less water loss).
Procedure
In this project, transpiration is able to be viewed and evaluated by containing the plants because when water would leave each plant in the form of of water vapor it would condense on the side of the container. Three plants representing climatic regions with varying precipitation levels are used. An Aloe Vera from an arid desert climatic region, a Lavender plant from a Mediterranean climatic region where there are seasons with high and low precipitation levels, and an Orchid from the tropical climatic region where water is always in abundance. This project requires many controlled variables because there are many factors affecting transpiration in a plant. Each plants must be taken out of their pots or containers along with its soil and placed in a plastic bag and watered precisely 50ml of water each. The bags containing each plant are then sealed with a 7.5cm piece of wire only covering the roots and the soil because transpiration o...
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...ok much longer for the water to fill all the plant cells and reach the stomata. The lavender transpired the second most because adaptations were required for Mediterranean plants however they are not as effective as desert plants because there is a season of high precipitation in Mediterranean climates. The lavender, being a Lamiaceae, had adaptations like very small leaves reducing the stomatal distribution, silvery leaves reflecting heat, and small hairs coating the leaves trapping moisture. The Orchid transpired the most because it had no adaptations in terms adaptations in terms of preserving water. The reason all of the containers had condensation on their sides facing the sun is because stomata (small pores in plant where the water vapor is released) are triggered to open when in contact with light to make sure carbon dioxide is available for photosynthesis.
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
The effect of water quality on Vegetative measurements and photosynthesis indices of the trees are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were found between parameters: gs, shoot number in both years, but others were higher in RW application. Height of trees and leaf area in first year was not significant but in second year it increased by 42 and 29% respectively in application RW. Photosynthesis rate appears significantly higher (23.4 µmol m−2 s−1) in plants receiving recycle water than clean water.
The Chaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub have a variety of different plant species, from Torrey Pine to Cacti. They each contain some helpful adaptations that have resulted from directional selection over many years. Many of the plants within the Chaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub have small leaves. This is advantageous because the smaller surface area prevents excess water loss. The stomata in turn are often closed during the day to maximize energy. Waxy coating is also for halting water loss. Another adaption is having leaves with dark colored tops and lighter undersides. Plants absorb red and blue light for photosynthesis and reflect green light, causing their green color. Since many chaparral leaves are green, more heat is deflected. The main goal for these adaptations is to conserve water during the day and to stop all energy expenditure. All of these adaptations are also attributed to the dry and fire-prone environment.
I also predict that as the light is moved closer to the plant there will be more bubbles (oxygen) produced due to the increase of photosynthesis speed explained above. So in conclusion I predict that the more light intensity there is on the plant the faster the rate of photosynthesis there will be.
The “Fast Plant” experiment is an observation of a plants growth over the span of twenty-eight days. The objective is to observe how plants grow and use their resources throughout the span of their life. In our lab we observed the Brassica rapa, a herbaceous plant in the mustard family which has a short cycle which makes it a perfect plant to observe in this experiment. Like other plants the Brassica rapa must use the resources in the environment to create energy to complete itʻs life cycle and reproduce. By observing the plant it is easy to see in what organ or function the plant is using itʻs energy and resources and if overtime the resources switch to other part of the plants. By conducting this experiment we are able to observe where and how plants allocate their resources throughout their life by harvesting plants at different points in their life.
Photosynthesis happens in leaves so this experiment was conducted with foliage. Foliage is just another way of saying leaves. These leaves have been group together and they also have roots in the soil. The height of the plant above the soil was about 4 inches tall. All of the plants weighed 3 oz. the five plants had differences on their leaves. Plant A had solid green leaves. Plant B was green but it was lighter in the middle of the leaf. Plant C had a red stem and there was a red thick band on the edge.
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
Elodea is an anaerobic plant frequently utilized to understand and manage photosynthesis. Deciding to test the carbon dioxide different levels by setting two beakers containing the Elodea that should weigh roughly weigh between 1.5-2g and one beaker under the light. In the process we put the beakers in the appropriate spots for an hour, drops of phenolphthalein and of 0.02 mL of NaOH were included into every beaker then record the changes in carbon dioxide reproduction. It was presumed that the beaker with Elodea in 20 salt drops, would take more noteworthy measures by which decrease the carbon dioxide than the beaker with Elodea that had no salt. The Elodea that had 20 salt drops display no difference. The experiment gives us a better comprehension in regard to which circumstances does a plant undergo in the real world if it’s in high salt concentration.
Levitt, Jacob. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2d ed. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Print.
Photosynthesis is highly sensitive to water stress. Plant photosynthesis decrease with reduction in relative water content and leaf water potential. Mechanism of photosynthesis involves various components such as photosynthetic pigments and photosystem, the electron transport
The overall concept that was covered by this lab was cellular respiration in peas. The lab was set up with two different types of peas, germinating and dry peas, and each respirometer was placed in two different temperatures, room temperature and an ice bath. By completing this lab, we were able to investigate how germination and temperature affects the rate of respiration. Overall, the germinating peas in the ice bath had consumed the most oxygen, consuming 0.42 mL of oxygen at the end of the 20 minutes and the dry peas in the ice bath had consumed the least, consuming -0.02 mL of oxygen at the end of the experiment. The germinating peas at room temperature were supposed to consume the most oxygen because cellular respiration is more optimal in germinating peas at higher temperatures. In lower temperatures, less respiration occurs, but when the temperature becomes too high it begins to decline. By completing this lab, it demonstrated the difference in oxygen consumed at different temperatures.
Photosynthesis is a process in which plants must go through in order to survive. During the process of photosynthesis, plants have to use energy to make sugars as well as many other molecules from carbon dioxide and water as well. In this experiment we tested the effect turbidity would have on the process of photosynthesis, if any and how it would change the carbon dioxide intake. By making turbidity a factor in the photosynthesis process we figured that it could possibly affect the way photosynthesis is produced in plants. In order for photosynthesis to be as efficient as possible for plants, it needs to be able to get a decent amount of sun light in order for the plant to be healthy, and turbidity makes water murky which could have an effect on the photosynthesis process. In this experiment we found results that could possibly support the fact that turbidity, in the form of pollution or water runoff could manipulate the way plants photosynthesize.
Increases in temperature can decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis; however the extent of this impact may be determine on the species' dependency on light.
Plants also had to adapt on the surface in order to survive the climate change of moving onto land. The changes made to the surface of plants are most closely observed by their formation of a cuticular wax. This waxy cuticle is impermeable to water and acts as a method of controlling plant’s water intake. It can be made thinner or thicker depending on the plant’s needs and the environment at the time, changing in response to droughts or excessive amounts of rain.
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