Ethnic group, frequently used to refer to all groups making minority. The word ‘ethnicity’ includes cultural and religious beliefs and physical similarities. Phoenix suggest that “Ethnicity refers to collectively or community that makes assumptions about shared common attributes to do with cultural practices” (2001: 128)
The words ‘race’ and ‘ethnic group’ could be looked at as social constructions, the meanings and applications change over time.
The relationship between schools and social inequality is usually discovered by looking at the test and examination scores achieved by different groups of children and young adults. This would help by monitoring the data. Using such information you can show the long patterns of unequal outcomes. For example, as a group, children from poorer backgrounds are less successful than their more advantaged peers in tests across a range of subjects.
Mel West, who collaborated with Kirstin Kerr “Social Inequality: Can schools narrow the gap? Has said:
On average, white British students both boys and girls are more likely than other ethnic groups to demonstrate sustained underachievement of the minority ethnic groups. Chinese and Indian students are mostly successful with the examinations in education (2010, Chapter 1 p.10).
Culture
Bourdieu and Passeron (1977) suggested that one way in which education ensured the reproduction of society was by passing on of cultural values from one generation the next. (Bartlett, Introduction to Education Studies, p.261).
Culture is a set of properties, characteristics, behaviours, orientations that middle class already have. It is assumed that people who have middle class codes or values in school are taken more seriously, but those who ar...
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...ics: Department for Education. 2014 Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120504203418 http://education.gov.uk/rsgateway
Bartlett, S. and D. Burton (2012). Introduction to Education Studies (3rd Edition). London, SAGE. Chapter 10: Politics and Policy in Education.
Pierre Bourdieu: key concepts Grenfell, Michael, 1953- Acumen, 2012
Kirstin Kerr Social Inequality: Can schools narrow the gap? 2010
Promoting diversity and social justice: educating people from privileged groups Goodman, Diane, Routledge, 2012
Schools white paper published - Press releases - GOV.UK. 2014. Press releases https://www.gov.uk/government/news/schools-white-paper-published
Understanding the needs of minority DFES (2004) Gaine (2006) and Knowles and Ridley
(2006) m www.dfes.gov.uk
Haralambos, M, 2003. Sociology in Focus. 1st ed. United Kingdom: British Library Publications.
First, I will examine Omi and Winant’s approach. They made a clear distinction between ethnicity and race and only discussed how races are formed. They also define race as a constantly being transformed by political struggle and it is a concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by
The article I chose to research is entitled Cultural Code-Switching: Straddling the Achievement Gap by Jennifer Morton. It was published in September 2014 and placed in the journal of political philosophy, with regards to education as well. The goal of the article was to point out the inequality that comes with the educational achievement gap and how to begin to fix the issue that has arisen.
...disparities between the two ethnic communities that can be traced back to the legacy of slavery and other forms of oppression that blacks have suffered.” Supporters of this view felt that educational achievement correlates more strongly with economic status than with any other single variable. Since the majority of the black community lags behind whites in income and wealth, the educational inequalities are caused by the economic inequalities. They believe that once the inequalities disappear, the educational disparities will as well. Many argue that this is not a viable argument. They point to other minority groups such as Asians, some of whom are financially worse off than blacks, and they excel in school . They felt that because the civil rights legislation removed all roadblocks back in the 60’s and 70’s something else must be contributing to the large gap.
In today’s society, it is acknowledgeable to assert that the concepts of race and ethnicity have changed enormously across different countries, cultures, eras, and customs. Even more, they have become less connected and tied with ancestral and familial ties but rather more concerned with superficial physical characteristics. Moreover, a great deal can be discussed the relationship between ethnicity and race. Both race and ethnicity are useful and counterproductive in their ways. To begin, the concept of race is, and its ideas are vital to society because it allows those contemporary nationalist movements which include, racist actions; to become more familiar to members of society. Secondly, it has helped to shape and redefine the meaning of
The theories of Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Pierre Bourdieu, Basil Bernstein and Shirley Brice Heath represent the deterministic end of the social reproduction perspective. These theories mainly involve school, the ideas of cultural capital, habitus, and linguistic cultural capital and can help explain more in depth how the reproduction of classes continue through generations, and how this reproduction is accepted.
Laurence, L (1967). Politics in Education. New York, NY: The Center for Applied Research in
Culture often means an appreciation of the finer things in life; however, culture brings members of a society together. We have a sense of belonging because we share similar beliefs, values, and attitudes about what’s right and wrong. As a result, culture changes as people adapt to their surroundings. According to Bishop Donald, “let it begin with me and my children and grandchildren” (211). Among other things, culture influences what you eat; how you were raised and will raise your own children? If, when, and whom you will marry; how you make and spend money. Truth is culture is adaptive and always changing over time because
According to Charon, culture is one of the social patterns in society. It arises in social interaction. It is taught in social interaction. Culture is made up of three smaller sets of patterns: (1) rules, (2) beliefs, and (3) values (Charon p. 56). For these two peer croups, the contrast in their lifestyles and culture can be attributed to the influence, involvement, and expectations of their parents. The parents of the Brothers expect that their children will do well in school, they expect them to stay out trouble, and to refrain from the use of drugs and alcohol. Thus, from their families, the Brothers take away a contradictory outlook. On the one hand, they see that hard work on the part of their parents has not gotten them very far, an implicit indictment of the openness of the opportunity structure. On the other hand, they are encouraged by these same people to have high hopes for the future (Macleod p. 167). In contrast, the Hallway Hangers’ families do not hold high aspirations, they do not expect that their children do well in school, stay out of trouble, or refrain from the use of drugs. In fact they have very little influence in their children’s lives. It is not that the parents don’t want the best for their children, they are just afraid to set them up for failure. The Hallway Hangers have seen their older siblings and other friends fail in school. As a result, they hold a firm belief that children from higher econo...
Income inequality has affected American citizens ever since the American Dream came to existence. The American Dream is centered around the concept of working hard and earning enough money to support a family, own a home, send children to college, and invest for retirement. Economic gains in income are one of the only possible ways to achieve enough wealth to fulfill the dream. Unfortunately, many people cannot achieve this dream due to low income. Income inequality refers to the uneven distribution of income and wealth between the social classes of American citizens. The United States has often experienced a rise in inequality as the rich become richer and the poor become poorer, increasing the unstable gap between the two classes. The income gap in America has been increasing steadily since the late 1970’s, and has now reached historic highs not seen since the 1920’s (Desilver). UC Berkeley economics professor, Emmanuel Saez conducted extensive research on past and present income inequality statistics and published them in his report “Striking it Richer.” Saez claims that changes in technology, tax policies, labor unions, corporate benefits, and social norms have caused income inequality. He stands to advocate a change in American economic policies that will help close this inequality gap and considers institutional and tax reforms that should be developed to counter it. Although Saez’s provides legitimate causes of income inequality, I highly disagree with the thought of making changes to end income inequality. In any diverse economic environment, income inequality will exist due to the rise of some economically successful people and the further development of factors that push people into poverty. I believe income inequality e...
If I had to describe a moment from INEQUALITY FOR ALL that is really sticking with you – maybe you found it particularly inspiring or particularly troubling it would be the statement made by Robert Reich, “Of all developed nations the U.S. has the most unequal distribution of income.” What was it about that moment that is so memorable? He also states, “the richest 400 people in America have more wealth then the bottom 50 million of us put together.”
Sparkes J., 1999. Schools, Education and Social Exclusion. [online] Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/6482/1/Schools,_Education_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf [accessed 12 January 2014].
Powney, J. (1996) Gender and Attainment: a review, Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.
Ethnicity is generally used to refer to diverse and unequal skill of social groups with specific culture. Diverse languages, religions and attire assist to group different ethnicities. These ethnic groups develop because of history and social experiences. Ethnic group tend to hold a culture bond. People can relate to other essentially their parents when concerning ethnic beliefs and customs.
Therefore, leading to overall less education for the children and a higher dropout rate. The teachers also have a huge impact on the child’s ability to learn and be more apt to further their education. Once the children of low socioeconomic status are in school, they are more likely to have teachers with less experience and qualifications in education, than compared to students of a middle-high class economic status. According to the article Education and Socioeconomic Status Factsheet, it is stated that children from the lower socioeconomic status communities develop slower than those of a higher socioeconomic community because of some of the contributing factors stated
Holmes, Hughes and Julia (2007) defined cultural capital as an understanding and knowledge about culture, power and communication within a society a child lives in. All students will bring a backpack to school which will contain items such as a lunchbox, books, homework and personal belongings. Often education and university experts talk about a different type of backpack that students might bring to school. This backpack is often referred as a “virtual backpack” (Thomson 2002). Throughout Thomson’s (2007) book...