Organisms have three types of immunity: innate. adaptive, and passive. Innate immunity is common among all organisms and reacts the same to all pathogenic infections. Innate immunity includes protective layers of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes in the nose and throat. Adaptive immunity is the second type of immunity. Adaptive immunity develops throughout an organism’s life. An example of this is the lymphocytes, which develop when an organism is exposed to diseases or through vaccination (with some exceptions). Passive immunity is borrowed from another source and lasts for a short period of time, for example, antibodies in a woman's breast milk, which help prevent their young offspring from acquiring infections in their early years. An example of this in snakes is their tolerance to their own venom, which they are exposed to early in life which prevents them from dying if exposed later. Humans and snakes have a few organs in common, one of them being their spleen. The spleen of a mammal is a spongy and soft organ that is part of the lymphatic system. It generally is used to fight infection and break down worn out red blood cells. The spleen in a snake is a small, reddish organ located near the gallbladder and the pancreas. When the snake is young, the spleen creates red blood cells, and when the animal get older, it helps with the destruction of cells and with blood storage. Another organ common in both snakes and humans is the thymus. In humans, the thymus is a “pyramid-shaped lymphoid organ beneath the breastbone at the level of the heart.”{1} When humans go through puberty, the thymus begins to shrink. The purpose of the thymus is to train and produce cells to attack foreign bodies. The snakes thymus is a red... ... middle of paper ... ...This is the classic example of acquired immunity. Humans have three main parts of their immune system: thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. These all are totally different organs, but they all work together to assist the human body in fighting infections. Snakes immunes system is influenced by age and nutrition, and temperature. It is very similar in the sense that it creates white blood cells that help protect the body. It also is immune to its own venom which helps protect the snake if it is bitten. Snakes have five main parts of their immune system: liver, air sac, pancreas, gall bladder, and spleen. The human immune system is similar to a snakes in many ways. They both possess many of the same organs and share the physiology of adaptive immunity. However, snake's immune systems are also different from humans in many ways both physiologically and anatomically.
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
n Chapter 3, “Entering Into the Serpent”, Anzaldua discuss about serpents and snakes and she was told they were dangerous growing up. Then, she goes in with a history of the goddesses of Mexican and Chicano cultures. According to Anzaluda, many of the Indian groups had goddesses that were respected feminine, the wild, the beast within women. She explains that most of the tribal leaders were females but, then the Aztec rulers changed things, though, by destroying documents, rewriting mythology, creating wars and defeat. The Aztecs changes the view of the strong female goddess and made them evil and subduing men. This chapter make realize ho man became the dominant gender when it comes to household or ruling a country. They are intimidate by
The objective of the host is to "escape" from the pathogen. This can be done through the use of the immune system or by quickly dying. When a host dies with the pathogen still inside, the pathogen dies as well. Resistance to invaders evolved as a result of the development of the mechanism of immunity. The development of immunity depends on the recognition of differences in chemical structures of substances.
In couples relationships, we can face the problem of domestic abuse. A research made CONDUCTED BY by professors of psychology, Dr. Neil Jacobson and Dr. John Gottman, shows us that there aretwo types of battering partners,MEN the “Pitbull” and the “Cobra”. In this essay, I will describe the similarities and the differences between them.
The human immune system is an amazing system that is constantly on the alert protecting us from
The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology).
The spleen is a fist-sized, spongy organ located behind the stomach (removed in this illustration), just under the diaphragm. Part of the lymphatic system, the spleen is composed of two types of tissue. White pulp produces lymphocytes, which release antibodies into the bloodstream to combat infection. More prominent is the red pulp, in which macrophages filter broken cells, parasites, bile pigments, and other useless substances from the blood. Iron from broken red blood cells is stored in the spleen for later use. Despite this variety of functions, an injured or diseased spleen can be removed in adults without great consequence.
The lymphatic system is made up of organs and tissues, that defends the body against infectious diseases, while also returning tissue fluids to the body’s bloodstream. The lymphatic system prevents the body from disease and infection by producing white blood cells. The lymphatic system helps our immune
This immunity is dependent upon our body to be exposed to a particular type of pathogen once before. After the exposure, our body’s immune system learns of a way to counteract the foreign substance. The immune system learns the most effective way to counter each antigen that enters and then retains that strategy until the same pathogen attacks on it again. It completely customizes its attack, adapts to new conditions and remembers the information. This why people are given shots of inactivated viruses. When these viruses enter the blood stream, the body thinks that they are harmful pathogens and then develops a way of counteracting to them. After battling these viruses, they remember their form of attack, so in case these same harmful viruses enter the blood stream again, they can deal with them quickly and efficiently. Lymphocytes (T and B cells are required for this immunity). The antibodies IgA are expressed in our body on the mucous surface of the gut. When foreign substances enter, the intestine, they kill those pathogens before they can even grow in the
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
Your immune system is used to fight bacteria and viruses and it helps to keep you healthy. Sometimes your immune system can develop lymph and immune system disorders. What happens is your immune system can become over active or it can become weak chancing your bodies response to bacteria and viruses. If you are born with an immunodeficiency disorder it is called primary immunodeficiency if you develop it later in life it is called acquired immunodeficiency (UOR Medical Center, 2014). When the immune system over reacts it will start to attack and produce antibodies, which results in damaging its own tissues. With an immune system that under reacts it is unable to fight things that enter the body, which leads to more infections. Some kinds of lymph and immune system conditions are lymphoma, mononucleosis, edema, allergic reactions, HIV, anaphylaxis.
The American alligator scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis. The Chinese alligator is the only other alligator in the alligator family and its scientific name is alligator sinensis. The American alligator is in the kingdom Animalia because it is an animal. The phylum is chordate because it has vertebrae. The American alligator is in the class reptilia because it is cold blooded, lays shelled eggs, scaly skin and breaths air. Alligators are in the order crocodilian because it is a large animal that appeared during the Cambrian stage. The American alligator is in the family alligator idea because it has larger, broader snouts, and can withstand colder temperatures. The genus is alligator and the species is Mississippiensis (Florida nature,2006).
The lymphatic system is a link of tissues and organs that help clear the poisonous toxins, waste and further unwanted elements that are inside the human body. The key function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph which is a watery fluid substance holding infection that are fighting white blood cells, all over the human body.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”
Most scientists wonder if dinosaurs were affected by the same diseases and viruses that humans face today. Some of the fossils that they have found, showed signs of deformations that may have been caused by arthritis, cancer, or infection. Sense there were no veterinarians way back then, it was hard to tell what kind of different diseases or viruses that happened when dinosaurs were around. Modern reptiles are cousins to the dinosaurs, crocodiles are among the most ferocious reptiles alive today. Reptiles suffer from fewer diseases than warm-blooded animals, but reptiles do get sick. For example, an epidemic of Entamoeba invadens caused by the parasite amoebas swept through the London Zoo and killed a large number of reptiles and snakes. Many amphibians and reptiles have a gland, the Harderian gland, next to their eyes that washes excess salt out of their bodies. The glands form droplets sometimes called "crocodile tears." These glands can become infected, sometimes causing the animal to lose its sight, and snakes can get parasites from tick