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Essay on therapies in hemophilia
Essay on therapies in hemophilia
Essay on therapies in hemophilia
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Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder. People who have hemophilia have a deficiency or an absence of a coagulation protein. A blood clotting factor is deficient or absent. Bleeding is most often into joints, such as the knee, elbow, or ankle, but bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. People with hemophilia bleed longer, not faster.
The severity of hemophilia varies greatly. Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are the most common genetic bleeding disorders. Hemophilia A is observed in 80 percent of hemophiliacs and is a deficiency or absence of Factor VIII. It can also be referred to as "classic" hemophilia. In the second most common, hemophilia B, factor IX is missing.
This is also known as the "Christmas Disease" because of the surname of the first patient studied. Hemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia later developed a reputation as the "royal disease" because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe.
About eighty percent of all cases of hemophilia have an identifiable family history of the disease; in other instances, it may be attributable to a spontaneous mutation. Researchers recently discovered that the spontaneous mutation of the factor VIII gene in two children was due to the attachment of a foreign "jumping gene" that disrupted the blood-clotting ability of the factor VIII gene. Inheritance is controlled by a recessive sex-linked factor carried by the mother on the X chromosome. A probability of one in two exists that each boy born to a normal male and a carrier female will be hemophiliac and the same chance that each girl of this union will be a carrier.
Of the children of a hemophiliac male and a normal female, all the girls will be carriers and all the boys will be normal. Males cannot transmit the disability, and female carriers are free of the disease. Conventional wisdom suggests that 1 in 10,000 males in the United States have hemophilia. However, increased research and focus, on bleeding disorders in general and on bleeding disorders in women specifically, suggest a shift in what...
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...h factor VIII replacement therapy is best for them. Inhibitors are proteins called antibodies that are made by our immune system to defend us from harmful disease. When our immune system identifies a foreign substance, it makes antibodies that will specifically recognize that substance and destroy it.
In some individuals with severe hemophilia, the factor VIII replacement therapy is identified as a foreign substance by their immune system. If this happens, their immune system will make antibodies against factor VIII. These antibodies will inhibit the ability of the factor to work in the clotting process. The higher the antibody or inhibitor level, the more factor VIII replacement therapy it takes to overcome the inhibition and produce clotting. This can complicate the treatment of a bleed. The good news is that there are different types of therapies available to successfully treat most individuals who develop inhibitors.
Work Cited Louis Levine, B.S., M.S.Ed., A.M., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Biology, City College of New York. "Hemophilia," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Haemolytic colonies were classified by a white ring around the patched colony, indicating that haemolysis of the blood agar occurred. Conversely, non-haemolytic colonies were classified by a lack of a white ring, which indicated that no haemolysis took place.
Prior to the beginning of the study, the doctors decided to withhold the official diagnosis from their patients. Instead, of telling the patients that they were infected with syphilis they chose to tell them they had bad blood. This was a decision made as a group, however, the provider’s individual reasoning was different. Miss Evers wanted to tell them
Originally thought to be an obscure illness, it was later identified as the most common genetic disorder for those with a Western European background. However, due to its low penetrance rate, only one out of two hundred are said to have the condition. Hemochromatosis is treated by the practice of bloodletting. It is one of the oldest treatments recorded in history, with its earliest records dating as far back as 3000 years ago in ancient Egypt. Routinely bleeding is beneficial as it not only reduces the iron in the bloodstream, but also combats issues such as heart disease and high blood
enable them to treat and perhaps find a cure for this disease. Current treatment techniques include the
○ ABO incompatibility. People with an O blood type have antibodies that can attack blood cells in type A or B blood. If a mother 's blood type is O and her baby 's blood type is A or B, her antibodies may destroy the baby 's red blood cells and cause hemolytic disease.
Genetic disorders can be caused by many of the 46 chromosomes in human cells. This specific disorder is linked to a mutation in the long arm of the X, or 23rd chromosome. The mutation is recessive, meaning a normal X chromosome can hide it. Females have two X chromosomes allowing them to hide the mutated recessive one, making them a carrier of the gene, while males only have one X chromosome, meaning that they are unable to hide the mutation and they become effected by the disease. Therefore if a male carries the gene, he is affected because he has no way of dominating the recessive gene, but if a female carries it, she is only a carrier and has a 50/50 chance of passing it on to her baby. This may seem like a high probability however, only one in every fifty thousand male births will have this immunodeficiency disease.
In the early 1980s, most people with Hemophilia were injected with “HIV”, because the factors used for treatment were isolated from injected human plasma. Since then, “virus sterilizing techniques” and the use of “artificial factors” have greatly reduced this risk. Hemophilia A can also be known as classic Hemophilia (because it is more common) and factor VIII deficiency. Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease, and factor IX deficiency.
Haemophilia is used to describe a collection of hereditary genetic diseases that affect a mammal’s body’s capability to control thrombogenesis. Thrombogenesis is the way in which blood clots which is an important role in haemostasis. Two common forms of haemophilia are A and B. (1) Someone with A (otherwise known as classic haemophilia), clotting factor VIII is does not exist enough or is entirely absent. A person with haemophilia B (otherwise known as Christmas disease), clotting factor does not exist enough or is also entirely absent. Those with the disorder do not bleed a lot they just simply bleed for a longer period of time. All people with haemophilia A or B are born with the disorder as it is a hereditary disorder and passed down through generations very few cases of haemophilia are not genetic and are therefore rendered a spontaneous gene mutation which is then passed down.
Hemophillia is a rare bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. Hemophillia is usually inherited and people born with it have little or no clotting factor (a protein needed for normal blood clotting). These proteins work together with platelets to help the blood clot. When blood vessels are injured, clotting factors help platelets stick together to plug cuts and breaks on the vessels. Hemophillia usually occurs in males with about 1 in every 5 000 males being born with the disease each year. A hemophiliac does not bleed more intensely than a person without it but can bleed for a much longer time. In some severe cases, continuous bleeding occurs after minor trauma or can even happen spontaneously.They may also bleed inside their body(internally), especially in the knees, ankles, and elbows. The bleeding can damage organs and tissues and may be life threatening. There are two main types of hemophilia: A and B. People born with type A are missing or have low levels of clotting factor VIII (1 in 5 000 males). People born with type B are missing or have low levels of clotting factor IX (1 in 20 000 males). About 8 out of 10 people who have hemophillia have type A. The greatest concern for both types is deep internal bleeding and bleeding into joints. Hemophilia is a life long disease, but with proper treatment and self-care, most people maintain an active productive lifestyle.
The genes being inserted produce human decay accelerating factor (hDAF). This protein is found in human organs, and it prevents the body’s immune system from attacking the organ. Previous xenotransplants or organ donation among different species resulted in what is termed hyperacute rejection. The rejection of the organ occurred within minutes, which is too fast to be prevented by the immune suppressant drugs used in human to human organ transplants.
Tsar Nicholas II and his Tsarina, Empress Alexandra, had only one son, Tsarevich Alexei. However, Alexei had inherited from his great-grandmother Queen Victoria the life-threatening genetic disease hemophilia B, a sex-linked genetic disease on the X chromosome that caused a condition of deficiency in blood-clotting and excessive bleeding, symptoms that usually remain hidden unless contracted by a male (Fuhrmann 37; King 28). To Nicholas II, it was imperative that he have a son to succeed him to secure the throne. Alexei was Nicholas’s sole male heir, giving Nicholas the incentive to protect his son at all costs. Without a scientific cure for the genetic disease, Alexandra turned to religion, namely Grigori Rasputin, a poor uneducated Siberian peasant to protect her son.
Hemophilia is a serious genetic condition caused by a coagulation factor that causes a mutation in the f8 and f8 gene. Hemophilia can be treated but not cured. Further studies are currently being done today. Living with hemophilia can be very difficult .physical activity is not recommended for individuals living with this condition. Also surgery is highly dangerous because of the excessive bleeding. In society we have set backs but we have to learn to deal with them.
Life and Physical Science Department, Fisk University+ and Department of Biology. Meharry Medical College School of Graduate Studies and Research*, Nashville, TN, 37208.
There are two main types of thalassemia. The first one is Alpha thalassemia. This occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated. It happens mostly in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, China, and in those of African descent. If one gene is missing or damaged: Your red blood cells might be smaller than normal. You will have no symptoms and you will not need treatment. If two genes are missing or damaged, you will have very mild anemia that will typically not need treatment. This is called alpha thalassemia minor or alpha thalassemia trait. If three genes are missing: You will have mild to moderately severe anemia. This is called hemoglobin H disease. If it is severe, you may need blood transfusions.