Two key parameters that needed to be calculated in order to plot the Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) are Fracture Toughness ratio, Kr, and Load Ratio, Lr. A structure is considered as safe if the fracture toughness, KI is lesser than its critical value KIc, while, the structure will fail if the KI to KIc ratio is equal to 1. Lr determines how the failure will behave. There are two types of failure of materials; plastic collapse and brittle fracture. Plastic collapse is a slow mechanism where the materials started to permanently change. Plastic collapse provides greater load carrying capacity. Failure due to plastic collapse allows a margin of safety as it developed over a long period of time. Therefore, failure can be detected early and necessary arrangement can be made to avoid accidents.
While, brittle fracture happens in a fast manner and is considered as most dangerous failure as there is no room for a margin of safety. Due to low ductility of the material, evidence of distortion may not present until the material fails. Figure 2 below illustrates the significance of the FAD diagram. If a plot of Kr and Lr fall within the upper-left side of the graph, the material is predicted to approaching brittle fracture, while the material is said to have plastic collapse if a plot fall within the bottom part of the graph.
Figure 2: Failure Assessment Diagram significance (Ragupathy et al., 2010).
As for the question, the Kr and Lr plot fall within the safe region of FAD. It means that the vessel can still be operated within the minimum working pressure of 30 MPa or lesser to maintain the integrity of the vessel. However, it is mentioned that the vessel should be able to withstand twice its working pressure can be misleading. I...
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...han normal breathing area of workers. Vapours can spread quickly into the air and therefore dilutes its flammable concentration. Other than that, if the relief valve is designed higher, the probability of vapour accumulation on the ground can be reduced, thus reducing the creation of flammable atmosphere.
The transfer distance between the tanker and storage area can be shortened so that fugitive emission throughout the process can be reduced. In the case of overfilling, a fixed volume of materials should be designed to be transferred at each process rather than relying on the level or pressure indicator. So, even if the level or pressure indicator should fail, the hazard of overfilling the tank can be avoided. In addition, transferring the N-heptane in smaller batches can also reduce the possible hazards that may present during the filling and transfer processes.
Fatigue failure can be divided in three parts i.e. Crack initiation, Crack propagation and Final rupture.
Process hazards such as toxic fumes, welding flash, lasers, dust, coolant, high-pressure water jet, unguarded abrasive wheel etc.
D1 -Justify, in writing, the method use to deal with hazards in your metalwork shop in accordance with local policies and legal requirements
Longtime mechanic Carlos Contreras says, "a million things can go wrong when working on a car." And a lot of them hurt like heck (Woolston, Chris. Car Mechanics. Healthday, n.d. Web.). Whether you’re in car restoration or own an auto shop, safety in the workshop is always the most important. Keeping yourself, your friends, your family, your customers and any other people safe amongst the dangers of motor vehicle repair is something you should always consider. Injuries occur on a daily basis in the workshop. Safety is the number one issue everyone should be concerned with, mechanic or not. One of the OSHA standards is regularly violated by shops and mechanics is the right to know the standard. This policy is depicts the use of potentially hazardous chemicals which is a very common occurrence in the automotive business. It simply requires that employees be notified of the possible dangers of any of the chemicals they are using. OSHA also insists that employees have a right to know how they might be affected by chemicals in the shop (Ray, Linda. Work. Chron, n.d. Web.). The right to know standard requires labeling all chemicals, and including lists with information, training for employees in use of the chemicals and a plan that outlines how the auto shop plans to follow the right procedures. Another subject would be the general protection of workers. Many auto shops also violate another OSHA regulation by not providing adequate safety equipment for the workers. Auto shops are required to have plans and safety equipment that can be dealt by the hazards that many employees are exposed to at work shop (Ray, Linda. Work. Chron, n.d. Web.). For example,...
The brittle failure is due to high contact stresses at the cutting edge due to a combination of critical cutting parameters. The weak cutting edge du to the crate also contributes to the brittle failure.
In chapter three of the current document, the analytical case studies are explained and the investigated buildings are described. Also, the observed damage in these buildings is studied.
Provide other means of ventilation like windows if it’s not safe to use the inbuilt ventilation systems.
An OSHA inspection is very serious and if the appropriate precautions were not made, it can result in hefty fines for the employer. OSHA was created “to assure safe and healthful working conditions for all employees by setting and enforcing standards and by provide training, outreach, education, and assistance” (Coniglio, 2010, p. 39). The organization was not created to cause trouble for employers nor make them pay thousands of dollars for fines, but instead it was created to ensure the working environment is safe and in compliance with all the standards to protect every employee from injury while working on the job. Unfortunately for Dynamic Duo, Inc., compliance officers from OSHA can enter the facility at any time without supervision to
You are a firefighter and upon arrival at the scene of a working fire you have a lot of decisions to make. One of the most key decisions a chief officer, or firefighter following standard operating procedures has to make in the early stages of a building fire is whether to ventilate or not? The strategy of venting fire buildings must be approached from many angles. In the United States it has long been accepted that there are three criteria for making that decision. Vent for life, safety or the fire with that in mind firefighters must make themselves aware of the effects of ventilating structure before making the that decision.
...pinion, which means that the people aren’t to happy with a lot of smoke flowing all over their neighborhood, but it is something that they have to deal with or the fire will spread and cause more damage. Another disadvantage of ventilation is that it costs to much for the training process for firefighters, but it is a good technic. Also, another disadvantage is that there can be a serious case of water damage do to the firefighters spraying water through the ventilated spots. Other disadvantages are that when performing a cut for vertical ventilation, it could cause some weird fire movement towards flammable substances and can be extremely dangerous to a firefighter.
Hazardous materials can be important in everyday life when properly handled. However, when improperly handled, they can result in injury, death, and destruction as well as have lingering effects that may last for years to come. To address the risk of an uncontrolled hazardous materials release, there must be a coordinated effort to identify, locate, and quantify the hazardous materials in a particular location (Drexel University Safety & Health, 2001). Typically, industry and government agree that a hazardous materials incident is one where
This essay will review major bridge collapses, and how they were resolved to improve the design of future bridges. The two main causes of bridge failure, wind loads and improper design or design flaws, will be discussed with examples like the Tacoma bridge collapse of 1940 and the I-35 Mississippi River bridge collapse of 2007 later on in the paper (4, 1). Although these are the two usual causes of bridge collapse there are also many other reasons for bridge failure such as, corrosion by environment, natural disasters, erosion, oversight of design criteria, loading beyond design, collision, and many different contributing factors. The goal of this essay is not only to discover why bridges collapse and give information on the subject, but to also see how a slight miscalculation or the oversight of some detail can lead to a momentous disaster. Although, a few cases of disaster, as will be seen, just cannot be helped.
Technological and accidental hazards can be occur without warning and can be both hazardous material incidents and failures at nuclear power plant. In some cases, victims that have been exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation show little to no symptoms until several years later. There are an increasing number of new substances and chemicals being manufactured which has increased the likelihood of a hazardous material spill or release. This also increases the risk to the environment and to the health and safety of a community.
... failure, only 650 failures recorded, which only covers 7.1% of the whole errors made by the workers or robots in the factory. This means high load level has 7.8 times increased risk or failure rate compare to low load level, and moderate load level obtained 5.3 times.
A hazard is defined as an activity or object that has the potential to cause harm if contact is made with the person, object or activity (MHS, 1996; Harmse, 2007; HSE, 2006). These hazards in a work place need to be identified and dealt with accordingly to prevent any harm to employees or any individual acquainted to a certain activity or establishment. The key roles and principles of occupational hygiene are Anticipation, Identification, Evaluation and Control (Schoeman and van den Heever, 2014; Harmse, 2008; SAMTRAC, 2012). To practise in accordance to the above principle; a hazard identification and risk assessment needs to be conducted. Anticipation is the foreseeing of the activity