Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy is the insertion of a gene or genes into cells in order to provide a new set of instructions to those cells. Gene insertion can be used to correct an inherited genetic defect which is causing disease, to counter or correct the effects of a genetic mutation, or even to program a cell for an entirely new function or property. Genes are composed of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA (see Nucleic Acids), and are usually located in the nucleus of cells. The instructions that direct the development of an organism are encoded within the genes. Some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by an inherited genetic defect. Other diseases are caused by a miscoding of a gene so that the instructions it contains are disrupted or changed. Genetic miscoding occurs when the DNA in a cell is being duplicated during cell growth and division (somatic mutation) and is common when a cell becomes cancerous. Clinical use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990, at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, when a four-year-old girl received gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an ordinarily fatal inherited disease of the immune system. Because of this genetic defect she was susceptible to recurrent life-threatening infections. Gene therapy for this patient involved using a genetically modified virus to carry a normal ADA gene into her immune cells. The inserted ADA gene then programmed the cells to produce the missing ADA enzyme, which led to normal immune function in those cells. This treatment temporarily helped her to develop resistance to infection. Gene therapy may eventually provide effective treatment for many diseases that currently have no cure. These include inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and juvenile diabetes. In addition, gene therapy can also be used to treat many disorders that are not inherited, since gene insertion can also program a cell for an entirely new function. Several new therapies for non-genetic disorders are currently being tested.
A deeper understanding of the book clearly reveals that despite his flaws, Robinson Crusoe was admirable. Three obvious and commendable reasons for this are the facts that he kindled a
Gene therapy is the application of the technique where the defect-causing "bad" genes are replaced by correct "good" genes. The idea of gene therapy is to treat the disease by correcting the "bad" DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) rather than the current me thod of providing drugs, or proteins not produced by the defective gene. Gene therapy addresses the problem first hand by directly working with the genetic information causing the disease. From the book Shaping Genes, Dr. Darryl Macer says "It is like f ixing a hole in the bucket, rather than trying to mop up the leaking water." There are two kinds of gene therapy, somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene therapy.
...e, Daniel. The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. London: Joseph Mawman, 1815.
The Collapse: Richard Van Camp’s “On the Wings of this Prayer” and Paolo Bacigalupi’s “The People of Sand and Slag”
Crusoe’s innate intelligence serves him well throughout his solitary life on the island. After agonizing over his plight, he consoles himself, and collects himself in order to move on. His shrewdness and practicality help him to overcome the obstacles that the island presents. He has enough forethought to recognize that the ship might be swept away by the tides, and he works continuously in order to salvage everything he can from the ship. He loses no time to make a trip to the ship in order to unload the cargo, and when he is in need of a method to transport the cargo to the beach, he constructs a raft that will do the job. He protects the provisions from weather and potential wild beasts. Crusoe is intelligent and understands that by being alone he might go crazy, and to combat this he keeps himself busy for...
The general senses are pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. Receptors for those sensations are distributed throughout the body. Special senses are limited to the head, such as the ears and eyes. A sensation is how receptors transmit information to the brain and perception is how the brain processes that information. The five types of receptors are chemoreceptors (sensitive to changes in chemical concentrations), pain receptors (sensitive to tissue damage), thermo receptors (sensitive to temperature change), mechanoreceptors (sensitive to mechanical forces), and photoreceptors (sensitive to
He laid back and closed his eyes to shut out his situation. He wished he had grabbed his favorite book, written by Daniel Defoe, before he hid like a coward in the pantry. It was ironic, the book told the story of a shipwrecked sailor stranded on an uninhabited island for twenty-seven years. Only Robinson Crusoe’s hope of being recued kept him alive.
Robinson Crusoe considers his makeshift house to be a “castle”, implying that he is some form of royalty, or at least sees himself as such in comparison to everyone else on the island (Defoe, 8). Towards the end of the book, Crusoe refers to Trinidad as his own island, “My island was now peopled, and I thought myself very rich in subjects; and it was a merry reflection, which I frequently made, how like a king I looked” (Defoe, 12). This is such a twisted, egotistical way of reflecting on this experience. He calls the island “unfortunate”, he dehumanizes its inhabitants, claims it as his own, and even has the audacity to say that he was the king of the island. He seems to be thanking himself for fixing the island as if it was in dire conditions previous to his shipwreck. The irony of this book is almost unbelievable. This was considered to be a heroic, action-packed piece of literature. However, it is actually the result of imposing white supremacist ideals onto land, which in this case, is
Sensation and perception are two processes that interconnect to allow one to gain sense of the surrounding world. Sensation, which is the reception of an external stimulus through sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound, is the initial step of this process, whereas perception is the second step, where interpretation of this data is converted into a mental representation, which is then capable of being used by the individual. Sensation turns into perception through transduction, which is the conversion of external stimuli into signals that are then sent to the brain and analyzed. In the Sensory Challenge, the five senses are tested, providing a score at the end that indicates how acute these senses truly are in that individual.
There are varying leadership styles that nursing professionals can adopt to strengthen their management qualities. Recognition of these styles can also support nurses in their efforts to improve colleague and patient relationships that may prove challenging. Leadership styles may manifest in a variety of forms, and are typically directly correlated with the outcomes and attitudes demonstrated by staff members working together (Kiesewetter et al., 2013). In a recent self-assessment, my personal leadership
Robinson was a young man of 18 and had a dream to be a sailor. He asked his father for permission. His father thought that he should stay home and take over the family business or study law. Robinson asked his father again to let him have just one sail. His father disapproved once more. One afternoon a shipped sailed in from the harbor. The captain of the ship was one of Crusoe’s friend’s, father. The captain invited Crusoe on a voyage to the English coast and he couldn’t resist. Crusoe ran away. He was very seasick. Soon after he set off on his second voyage. Here he would travel to the coast of Africa. He learned how to trade with the natives. On one of his voyages he was ship wrecked and picked up by another boat. The captain owned a plantation. Soon after this Crusoe bought his own plantation. When other plantation owners needed slaves to work their farms they asked Crusoe to sail to Africa. Crusoe agreed and set sail. On the way there they ran into many storms. Three men were killed very soon. The twelfth day was a hard one. The biggest storm hit. Its waves were giant. The ship was in very bad shape and Crusoe had to abandon it. He and the other sailors loaded into the small boat and paddled to land. All of the sudden a titanic wave crashed onto the boat. It drowned everyone but Crusoe. He was lucky to be alive.
In Chapter twelve, the author tells us of a retreat centre that Crusoe builds in a valley he discovers while touring the island. Contrary to the first shelter he had built when he arrived at the island, this retreat centre was meant for relaxation. The author tries to show how much Crusoe’s attitude has changed towards the island since he arrived. In a place that was viewed to be of sadness and despair, there can now be leisure and enjoyment.
Robinson Crusoe is a man who yearns to go to sea and conduct trade. “Crusoe is an intelligent, curious, independent, hard-working, and risk-taking man who undergoes
... Susan Barton of course and after being upon the island "eight and twenty Years, two Months, and 19 Days" (Defoe 234) Crusoe does survive the voyage along with Friday. He arrives in England June 11, 1687, but his undertakings do not end there. He first checks on the widow he left to care for his money. He then decides to go to Lisbon with Friday and meets with the Portuguese captain he met on his journeys of off the coast of Africa all those years ago. After catching up he tells Crusoe that his plantations are waiting for him to claim them. After claiming his land he returns home, gets married and has “three Children, two Sons and one Daughter" (Defoe 256). Crusoe visits Brazil one last time, where he decides to send some women back to his island for the men to have wives. He then ends his narrative with a promise of more adventures, to possibly be told in a sequel.
Through realistic literary elements of the novel and the themes of individuality, isolation, society and being content versus being ambitious, readers of Robinson Crusoe can relate to many experiences that Crusoe faced. Crusoe’s story represents the genre of the middle class; it is the narration of middle-class lives with the help of realism elements and prominent themes that reflect on middle-class issues and interests. Crusoe represents mankind in the simplest form, he stands on middle ground no higher or lower than any other. He represents every reader who reads his story; they can substitute him for themselves. His actions are what every reader can picture himself or herself doing, thinking, feeling or even wishing for (Coleridge and Coleridge 188-192)