Frostbite occurs when skin tissue and blood vessels are damaged from exposure to temperatures below 32 degrees fahrenheit. It mostly affects the toes, fingers, earlobes, chin, cheeks and nose, body parts which are often left uncovered in cold temperatures. Frostbite can occur rapidly or gradually, depending on the temperature conditions and how long it is exposed.
Frostbite has three stages. They are frostnip, superficial frostbite, and deep frostbite. Frostnip occurs when you have this pins and needles sensation and the skin turning very white and soft. This stage has no permanent damage and may be reversed by soaking in warm water or breathing warm breath on the affected area.
Superficial frostbite is the stage of frostbite when blistering occurs. the skin feels numb, waxy, and frozen. There are ice crystals that form in the skin cells and the rest of the skin remains flexible.
Deep frostbite is the most serious stage of frostbite. The blood vessels, muscles, tendons, nerves, and bone all may be frozen. This stage leads to permanent damage, blood clots and gangrene, in severe cases. You have no feeling in the affected area and there usually isn't any blistering. Serious infections and loss of lims accur frequently when frostbite reaches this stage of its development. However, even in deep frostbite, frozen lims may be saved if medical attention is obtained as soon as possible.
If you are in a situation where a patient can't be transported to a hospital immediately, the following rewarming techniques may help until reaching an emergency facility.
- Bring them indoors as soon as possible.
- Apply warm towels or immerse the area in circulating warm water for twenty minutes. However DO NOT rub or use hot water.
- Do not hold the area near fire since the area may be burned due to the reduced feeling in the area.
- Offer the patient warm coffee or tea, but never alcohol.
- Keep the affected area raised.
After re-warming, a superficial frostbite will reddon and become painful as circulation resumes in the area. Blisters are likely to form within 24 hours.
While a frostbite injury is healing, do the following:
- Avoid infection by leaving the blisters alone.
- Watch for signs of infection such as redness, swelling, fever, oozing pus, and red streaks on skin.
- Take all prescribed medications.
- Don't expose the affected area to cold temperatures until cleared to do so by a physician.
The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL was founded in 1920s and ever since then has been a representative of the "All-American, Family Entertainment, Sport". Football is played from kids starting at age five to adulthood and is very popular throughout different races and social classes. With the increase of people playing football, came the increase of the sports related injuries.
On Christmas day as they were traveling through the Dawson trail in the Arctic, Cap mentioned the cold. He says that sometimes it was so cold that your lashes froze. Cap describes it by saying, “Talk of your cold! through the parka’s fold it stabbed like a driven nail” (Service 709). It was so cold that your skin feels the pricking that is felt when jumping into a cold pool. Although Cap did not make his promise to Sam McGee, yet one can assumed that the weather would still be cold after the promise was made. He faces the bitter cold while finding a place to cremate his friend. Later on in the narrative poem, the body of Sam McGee that was tied to the sled caused more weight for the dogs to pull. The “ [...] dogs were spent and the grub was getting low” (Service 711). McGee’s promise caused the dogs to get tired faster having to pull the extra weight. The food was getting low and Cap couldn’t do anything about it, because he couldn’t get to a village or town quickly with the body of his friend weighing down the sled, and the meager amount of food cause him to have little energy. Set on keeping his promise, Cap refuses to leave the body of his comrade in the cold arctic, resulting in him having to face the severity of his
The first was to see how long it would take to lower body temperature, and the next to decide how best to resuscitate a frozen victim. The doctors submerged a naked victim in an icy vat of water. They would insert an insulated thermometer into the victim’s rectum in order to monitor his or her body temperature. The icy vat proved to be the fastest way to drop the body’s temperature. Once the body reached 25 degrees Celsius, the victim would usually die.
Vannie, S. M. D., Braz, J. R. C., Modolo, N. S. P., Amorium, R. B., & Rodrigues, G. R. (2003, March). Preoperative combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming avoids hypothermia caused by general anesthesia and surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 15, 119-125.
The NFL made its debut in 1922, but it was not the first professional football league. The American Professional Football Association was founded in 1920, it included ten teams from four different states. The APFA started out as the American Professional Football Conference. It originally consisted of only Ohio League teams. A month later, the league renamed itself to the American Professional Football Association and added the Buffalo All-Stars and the Rochester Jeffersons from the New York league, and the Detroit Heralds, Hammond Pros, and several other teams from surrounding local leagues. The rest of the leagues teams are as follows, the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Chicago Cardinals, Chicago Tigers, Cleveland Tigers, Columbus Panhandles, Dayton Triangles, Decatur Staleys, Kenosha Maroons, Muncie Flyers, Rock Island Independents, Toledo Maroons. Only four of the teams finished the 1920 schedule and the undefeated Akron Pros were awarded the first championship. Throughout the 1920s the league struggled to ...
Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. "Football." The Reader's Companion to American History. Dec. 1
How football began, the first American football game was played on November 6, 1869. The Rutgers vs. Princeton played the first game (Bennett). Walter Camp introduced the line of scrimmage and down and distance (Bennett). The first professional “league” was the Ohio League (Bennett). The American Football League (AFL) started in 1960 (Bennett). The first Super Bowl was in 1967 and the Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chief (Brooks and King). The Houston Oilers defeated the Los Angles Charges in the first AFL championship (Brooks and King). Considered one of the greatest coaches, Vince Lombardi, died from cancer on September 3, 1970 at the age of 57 (Brooks and King). Seven days after Lombardi’s death, the National Football League honored him with the name of the Super Bowl trophy (Brooks and King). Franco Harris made the “Immaculate Reception” which lead to the first Pittsburgh Steelers victory for them (Brooks and King). In the 1970’s the Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls (Brooks and King). In 1978 the National Football League moved from 14 games a season to 16 games (Brooks and King). O.J. Simpson is the first player to rush over 2,000 yards (Brooks and King). In 1981 Ronald Regan said “Football is the last thing left in civilization where men can lite...
It was a special kind of ice. . . . Sometimes it hardened and seemed to expand until I felt my guts were going to come spilling out or that I was going to choke or scream” (Baldwin 180).... ... middle of paper ... ...
worn down his "Grande Armee" was forced into a painful retreat through the deep freezing cold
The concept of football started back in the late 1800’s from what we know as rugby. In the years to come football changed more and more to how we know it today. The first official football game was played in 1869 when Rutgers and Princeton took on each other. Walter Camp, who was the Coach for Yale at that time, was the first person to develop some of the first rules and regulations to the sport. Camp came up with many of the concepts that we know today such as the system of downs, the use of eleven players down from fifteen, and the size of the field. Other rules that were implemented by Camp were the concept of the line of scrimmage, safety, and the forward pass (Bellis, 2014).
A blast of adrenaline charges throughout my body as I experience the initial drop. My body's weight shifts mechanically, cutting the snow in a practiced rhythm. The trail curves abruptly and I advance toward a shaded region of the mountain. Suddenly, my legs chatter violently, scraping against the concealed ice patches that pepper the trail. After overcompensating from a nearly disastrous slip, balance fails and my knees buckle helplessly. In a storm of powder snow and ski equipment, body parts collide with nature. My left hand plows forcefully into ice, cracking painfully at the wrist. For an eternity of 30 seconds, my body somersaults downward, moguls of ice toy with my head and further agonize my broken wrist. Ultimately veering into underbrush and pine trees, my cheeks burn, my broken wrist surging with pain. Standing up confused, I attempt climbing the mountain but lose another 20 feet to the force of gravity.
Football’s ancestors are considered to be rugby and soccer, with rugby being the more dominant aspect of the game. The game of football was born on November 6, 1869, when teams from Rutgers and Princeton Universities met for the first intercollegiate football game. At that time the game still resembled rugby and was more of an organized brawl than a sport. Then in 1873, representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale Universities met in New York City to create the first collegiate league for the sport. They eventually established the Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA). Over the next decade some colleges decided to ban the brutal sport because of all the injuries received by its players. “Nearly 180 players had suffered serious injuries, and eighteen deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays that had become common practice” (A Brief History of the Game). With these staggering numbers of injuries and deaths the game was falling to its own demise. So in 1905, President Roosevelt asked Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to save the sport. After several meetings the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCAA, was established as the governing group for football in college. They redesigned the game and added many new rules, such as forward passing, to reduce the number of injuries from the mass plays that teams used to use.
The world and its people have been witnessing very painful misfortunes that have gripped the biosphere and its inhabitants for several years. Nuclear weapons are those armaments which have convoyed humans, since the Second World War until the days we live, in peace and in secure world. Nuclear weapons pose a threat to the world and its beings, which have a tremendous role in the improvement and fruition of life on earth. The history of nuclear weapons proliferations begins with the stressed political situation between the United States of America and socialist Russia, recognized in the world literature as the Cold War. This anxious political situation among United States, Russia and their allies, made the world to introduce for the first time with the destructive weapons that man has ever encountered. As Jim McCluskey argues that there are not any weapons that can homicide millions of people for a short period of time apart from nuclear weapons (McCluskey 1). Indeed, the proliferation and the usage of nuclear weapons have changed the world political leadership's, in order to get the world safer for people and the environment in which they live and function. McCluskey goes on to allege that the peace and security in the world would not prevail if nuclear weapons are existing (McCluskey 2). However, such individuals should be set to throwaway the usage of nuclear weapons, in order that life in this planet will continue even after our death, enabling other generations to live in a safety world. Several individuals and critics claim that the proliferation of nuclear weapons threatens the life of human society, and in meanwhile violating the human rights to live in a safe and peaceful world. Nuclear weapons are proficient of doing mass...
The first game was believed to be a modified version of rugby and soccer that was played in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton. Walter Camp was the first to person write the rules while at the Massasoit convention in 1876. Due to the increasingly popularity of the game, many local athletic clubs picked up the game and began playing it competitively against one another. From 1892 to 1895 the clubs began to pay and write contracts with players, which led to the first professional team being put together in 1896. Once teams began to form, a professional football league became established along with the first World Series in 1902. In 1903, while many college teams were playing the sport, Harvard became the first university to build a stadium designed for football. After being very popular in the Pennsylvania area, the popularity shifted towards Ohio, who at the time had seven pro teams. These seven teams formed their own league, which had created their own universal rules, and played for an Ohio League Championship. Organizations faced problems with the difference in salaries and the constant change of teams for the most popular players. In 1920, the teams came to a conclusion on the repeating problems that were occurring. This led to the start of the APFA, American Professional Football Conference, and by 1922, football had become a more established game with 18 active football teams, mostly in states throughout the Midwest. The name was also changed in this year to the name everybody now knows today, the National Football League or NFL. The NFL began to get more national attention when more star collegiate players started signing contracts with NFL organizations. In 1925, a reported 36,000 fans were in attendance of the Chicago Bears game against the Chicago Cardinals. The popularity of football began to take off and in the same year, there
During and immediately after treatment you need to be very gentle in the way you treat your skin. Try not to rub, scratch, or scrub your skin. When you get out of the shower be sure to pat your skin dry with the towel instead of rubbing it. Wear clothes that are soft next to your skin to reduce irritation. Unless your doctor tells you to do so, avoid using ice packs on any treated areas of skin as they will only cause it to dry out more