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In 1989, Francis Fukuyama published "the End of History?" on the National Interest. Throughout the article, he attempted to account for the global changes in the post-Cold War era including the ideological transformation of the Soviet Union by introducing a new idea of 'the end of history'. To Fukuyama, this idea signified the main ground for the turbulence and the systematic reformation. His argument that the history will no longer evolve has two main significations. First, the ideas or ideologies humans developed throughout the history reached their end points. The victory of the west meant that there was no other alternative ideology to substitute for liberal democracy. Second, the western liberal democracy will be universalised as it is proven to be the ultimate form of government. (1989, pp. 3-4) However, despite his claims and supporting evidences, this essay will argue that his evidences are weak and thus the western values and institutions cannot be heralded universally.

The first portion of the essay will evaluate his argument with emphasis on specific parts such as the rationales and Hegel's notions that Fukuyama used to support his thesis. Second will look at an opposing theory of post-Cold War period, Samuel Huntington's "the Clash of Civilisation." Then, the following will focus on parts of the world that serve as counterexamples of this theory, mainly Islam and Asia.

The End of History is not a complex thesis to summarise. The History ended because liberal democracy settled as a guidance ideology and triumphed over all others. Alexander Kojève's "universal homogenous state" has finally arrived, and this state is liberal democratic state. (Fukuyama, 1989) There are two reasons why liberal democracy triumphed. First,...

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...Asia.

In conclusion, Fukuyama's idea that the western values and institutions are transcending all over the world has both gained praises and critiques. However, regrettably, his arguments had flaws and contradictions that made his rationales vulnerable. The main foundation for his argument and its link to Hegel and Kojève were weak, and there existed theories that rebut to his idea of universal ideology. In addition, the number of nations that realised liberal democracy is still too low to assert that western democracy is dominating the world. The values and freedom that liberal democracy is ultimately aiming for is a goal that mankind must achieve with no doubt. However, just like how Romans about 1,600 years ago believed that they were the sole civilisation of the world, Fukuyama's beliefs and world order may not keep its status for long. The History never ends.