[paper report 5] studies three software approaches for GPGPU reliability. These approaches are based on the redundant execution. The first approach is to execute the kernel twice, so the performance overhead is around 100 percent. The other two approaches use the interleaved execution of the main kernel with redundant threads. The paper explores the usefulness of employing ECC/parity bits in memories considering it’s exerted overhead. The first approach, called R-Native executes the kernel twice. One drawback is the similar effect of the permanent hardware defects on both of the executions that could not be detected. This could be avoided by reorganizing the input data for redundant execution or by obtaining a software interface to assign the blocks to an arbitrary SM. In addition, an offset could be used when accessing the memory. The execution time in this approach is 199% of its native execution. Applying ECC, the execution time is reduced to 192% and 194% for Brook and CUDA respectively. The second approach, called R-Scatter, try to make a benefit of the unutilized ILP in GPU cores. The redundant instructions are inserted in the kernel with their appropriate indexes. One problem is the use of some variables and computations for both the main and redundant threads (e.g. loop counter). Any error in these common variables causes a similar error in the main and the redundant threads. Two alternatives could be used. First, reorganizing the input data (chosen for Brooks implementation), or modifying the redundant thread indexes (CUDA implementation). Execution time for this approach is 193% in Brooks. Employing the hardware correction codes improves the overhead by 4.6%. CUDA implementation overhead is worse than the previous approa... ... middle of paper ... ...entioned schemes. P-RISE is made advantage of the branch divergent. A portion of a warp become inactive in the divergence so some of the SPs are idles during its execution. The idea of P-RISE is to find a warp with the same PC as the diverged warp, take a number of its threads and execute them with the diverged warp redundantly. So, whenever the warp is executed, its results are compared with the redundant execution. Experimental results show that in 48% of the cases, a warp with a matching PC is found. This scheme is also needs some hardware support and exerts some hardware overhead. GPGPU-Sim is used to simulate and analyze the presented scheme. AVF is used to evaluate the efficacy of the RISE. Simulation results show a 43% of AVF improvement. The effect of some branch divergent techniques (e.g. PDOM and DWF) on RISE is examined. Their effect is not considerable.
While it is true that not many programs right now are able to take advantage of more than four threads at any given time, it’s good to have them for those programs that are multi threaded which are increasingly becoming more common.
Weng, Y., Kuo, K.N., Yang, C., Lo, H., Chen, C., & Ya-Wen, C. (2013). Implementation
...ns. Thus optimized systems to meet the challenges of extreme workloads are required by organizations because of all this. To offer packaged hardware and software solutions that are optimized for analytical processing has been the response given by the industries.
Unraveling the underlying mystery of this computational creature was a simple yet fascinating endeavor. The machine was beyond repair and I lacked the sufficient resources to alleviate the wounds of the miniature mainframe. While the project was a failure, I became curious about more intricate infrastructures.
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.
We live with conflicts, which are happening every day in our life. They are quite normal because everybody is so different. However, some conflicts between culture and race can be very serious and aggressive. The movie Crash illustrates several stories of cultural conflicts and racism.
Companies that render high quality images for posters or produce high quality images for movies and web design may use multiprocessing enabled machines because they can render these images and support these programs with a dramatic decrease in latency issues. If the same programs or images were to be rendered on a standard home computer it could take years or the program could altogether crash as the PC doesn’t have the processing power to support the program.
In regards to business practices, incentives are common tool used in negotiations. With that being said, Intel, a technology conglomerate, gave huge incentives to its customers for using computer-chip. Many would argue that Intel was wrong, while others would say Intel business practices were fair game. Below is a detailed report, discussing Intel actions.
Technology is changing so quickly that we are frequently using computers, software programs, and other technologies that have frustrating glitches and problems. Is there a solution?
The data to drive the simulation can be generated in several ways. The most common method uses a random-number generator that is programmed to generate processes; CPU burst times, arrivals, departures, and so on, according to probability distr...
Driscoll, M., Fahmy, E., King, J., & Watson, R. (2000). Neo pi-r summary. Retrieved from
Paging is one of the memory-management schemes by which a computer can store and retrieve data from secondary storage for use in main memory. Paging is used for faster access to data. The paging memory-management scheme works by having the operating system retrieve data from the secondary storage in same-size blocks called pages. Paging writes data to secondary storage from main memory and also reads data from secondary storage to bring into main memory. The main advantage of paging over memory segmentation is that is allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. Before paging was implemented, systems had to fit whole programs into storage, contiguously, which would cause various storage problems and fragmentation inside the operating system (Belzer, Holzman, & Kent, 1981). Paging is a very important part of virtual memory impl...
So in order to give the CPU a break and help it run more efficiently, a Graphic card can be used to process the graphics portion of the processing load. Because most of today's programs are graphically oriented, the video card can help almost any program run more efficiently.
Computers are very complex and have many different uses. This makes for a very complex system of parts that work together to do what the user wants from the computer. The purpose of this paper is to explain a few main components of the computer. The components covered are going to be system units, Motherboards, Central Processing Units, and Memory. Many people are not familiar with these terms and their meaning. These components are commonly mistaken for one and other.
RAM is used for memory caching, which means when the computer’s in operation, programs use this hardware for quick access and has memory saved temporarily for applications that’s deleted once the computer’s powered down. A CPU is what performs the large part of information processing in the computer, this tells what each part should be doing and it also proccesses requests; whether it be to turn on a cooling fan or to accept information to provide processing for words. It’s very important that the CPU is cooled well as it generates a lot of thermal energy. This heat is dissipated using a CPU cooler which often consists of a heatsink and fan. Newer technology is using liquid cooling and a radiator, which is a quiet solution to keep the CPU cool. The GPU is what processes graphics to create a display. Some graphics cards are powerful enough to provide viewing in multiple displays. A higher performance graphics card requires direct connection to the power supply as the motherboard can’t keep up with the power consumption of the card. Graphics cards can be combined to work together to process graphics. A cable linking