Factors of Community:
1. Interactions between the climate and topography
a. “Rainfall, soil, temperature”
2. The food and resources that grow
3. Other specific resources necessary for a species to survive and adapt to. (Ecological niche)
4. Species interaction
5. Physical disturbances, addition/removal of certain species
-These factors determine population sizes of an ecosystem.
-Conditions of arctic regions don’t allow many animals to live there due to the low temperature.
Niches: (all relationships in which species engage in order to survive and reproduce)
-Fundamental Niche is a theoretical niche, where there are no constraints or limited resources)
-Realized Niche is the actual niche, where there are constraints on resources)
Symbiosis: (“living together” Species interacting in +, -, and = ways)
Mutualism (++)
-Both species in interaction benefit
-Obligatory Mutualism
-One species cannot grow/reproduce without another species
EX. Yucca plants are only pollinated by Yucca moths.
-Yucca moths only grow in the yucca plant and only eat Yucca seeds.
Co-evolution
-The prey and predator build better defenses and counters to the other’s abilities.
-Since the best of the prey/predator survive more often, they have more chance to reproduce.
-Soon only the strong survive, thus, the best ways of countering reach the entire population.
-EX. Camouflage, Mimicry (faking a characteristic), Spewing toxins, showing teeth, etc
Carrying Capacity
-Maximum number of individuals that resources of environment can maintain.
-Predator-Prey populations can fluctuate.
-Predators may not adjust quickly enough to the abundance of prey.
-Additional predators could also influence the rate.
-As more predators reproduce and eat more prey, the prey population decreases.
-As more prey dies, predators have less to eat and begin to die off.
-With fewer predators, the prey once again starts to reproduce at a faster pace.
Predator- Animals that feed on living organisms, but do not live on them
Prey- targets of predators that are killed
Parasites- Feeds on tissues of living organisms and live on them
Host- the organism a parasite feeds on
Effects of Parasites
-Feeds off the host’s tissue’s nutrition.
-Alters how much energy enters the organism, and weakens it.
-Can alter birth rates, can sterilize, or make organisms less attractive to mates.
-Can open prey to diseases and infections.
-Usually does not want to cause death, so that it can reproduce for a longer period of time
Microparasites
-Rapid reproducers and personally infect the body.
EX. Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoan
Macroparasites
-Directly lay their eggs on the host.
EX. Fleas, ticks, mites, lice
Social Parasites
-Manipulate the social behavior of another species.
EX. Cuckoos lay their eggs in nests of other species, which push the rightful eggs out.
-The mother of the original eggs ends up feeding the cuckoos.
Parasitoids
-Insect larvae that always kill what they eat (larvae and pupae of other insects)
... lack reproductive fitness. They also revert to beast form very rapidly. For these reasons it is clear that they will die out quickly.
Each and every individual organism has unique combination of alleles. The greater the variation of alleles in a species, the less likely the species is to die out as they’re all different and so react differently to threats in terms of infection and can defend themselves in numerous ways. This means that even if there was an outbreak of disease, because the variation of genes and combinations of al...
The climate of the tundra is characterized by harsh winters. The average temperature in the tundra area is about –27 degrees. But what is even worse are the long night. At nights the lowest temperture recorded was –67.36 degrees. There are even times in the year when the sun doesn’t come up for days. In the tundra we have little snow and even less rainfall. The rainfall is about a quarter inch in a yearly rainfall. Even though the tundra’s winters are long a harsh there summers are the shortest season of all. Do to the terrible weather and climate in the tundra their animals and plant life is very limited.
As every species in the world developed, it's sub-species and it's further strains and breeds under those have evolved for a very specific reason - the preservation of the species, and ultimately, life itself. Each species is like a tree, with hundreds of branches, each leading to thousands of other branches. Each branch of the tree is slightly different from the one beside it, due to living in a different environment it has had to adapt and the resulting differences are due to the combination - the formula - of genes, which has survived the best in whatever environment it has encountered. Because of this branching of the species, whenever a particular disease, a natural phenomenon, or a new predator has arrived on the scene, the species has always been diverse enough to continue, as there will be one branch of the tree which has the immunity, adapted over time, in order to defend itself or escape from the catastrophe. This method, special branching, has ensured the survival of various species for thousands of years, and is in fact the reason for the existance of different species.
Every year about 4000 women die in the U.S. because of the domestic violence. Every year this number gets higher and higher. Even though we live in the 21st century people can’t find the way to improve the situation. But before searching for the solution, people should understand what domestic violence is. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, domestic violence is: “any abuse—including physical, emotional, sexual, or financial—between intimate partners, often living in the same household” (Encyclopedia Britannica). Most of the people believe that domestic
...e likely to reproduce. He also states that the ability to change to the environment also make it vital to survival. The tulip in regard to its complexity has changed to fit desire.
University costs continue to increase as well. An interesting concept to reducing these costs would be to reduce the requirements for degree completion. Decreasing the requirements would allow students to graduate sooner and begin to pay off their student loans sooner.
Domestic violence affects numerous women across different aspects of their lives. The main cause of injury to women is domestic violence (“Domestic Violence Statistics,” n.d.). Factors that contribute to the occurrence and continuation of this form of violence towards women include isolation, economic aspects and access to resources. Abusive men socially isolate their partners from friends and family. The women have restrictions in contact with other people. This manages to keep the battering hidden and makes it harder for the victim to find help and leave. Perpetrators of domestic violence may also isolate their partner from employment. It is a control tactic and enables the abuser to have complete control over the finances of the household and her ability to access the money. This also socially isolates the women because she no longer has co-workers to be around and is forced to stay inside the home all day by herself. She is now totally economically dependent on her abuser, which decreases her opportunity to leave the relationship and to have stability once she leaves. ...
Domestic violence consists of verbal, financial, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse within the household, generally involving partners and families. This occurrence of violence is acted to gain and maintain control over somebody. Abusers have the tendency to enforce fear, guilt, shame and intimidation to brainwash and maintain power. The...
Domestic violence affects a large amount of relationships in the United States each year. As the times have changed, abuse has become less accepted as a normal occurrence, and society has begun working together to provide awareness towards violence in intimate partner relationships. “Problems of family violence are potentially the most destructive in our society” (Kurland 23). Domestic violence is a problem that begins in the home, and spreads to affect the world around it. Violence is present in relationships of all demographics, be it race, sexual orientation, or social class. No one is entirely safe from experiencing abuse, but if society is taught to recognize the signs it can save a life or even prevent abuse from happening.
Domestic violence, also referred to as intimate partner violence, intimate partner abuse or domestic abuse, affects over one million people in the United States alone. It can be carried out in any number of ways including physically, emotionally, sexually, psychologically and/or financially. Its legal definition considers it to be “any assault, battery, sexual assault, sexual battery, or any criminal offense resulting in physically injury or death of one family member or household member by another who is residing in the same single dwelling unit” (Brown, 2008). In the United States it is considered a major health problem so much so that it was declared the number one health concern by the U.S. Surgeon General in 1992 (Peterman & Dixon, 2003). Not only is it a rapidly growing health problem but it is a growing societal concern as well. Extending beyond the effect felt by the victims and their families, it impacts our communities, government, law enforcement and public service agencies.
Reproduction is one of the most powerful sources known on this earth. Reproduction allows animal, plants, and other organisms to thrive for generations. All organisms have to reproduce, otherwise their species will simply die out. Out of all of the organisms that reproduce, some of the most interesting include social insects of the Hymenoptera order. Social insects exhibit various interesting traits and strategies that they use for reproduction, such as the formation of a queen, worker reproduction, queen signaling or control, and sexual selection. Many of these traits and strategies can be seen in social wasp populations.
Sustainability is an issue that everyone should be concerned about. If the planet Earth is going to exist, as we know it, everyone should wake up and do their part to help achieve a greater level of sustainability. In my English 101 class we learned about the issue of sustainability. Many different topics were discussed and researched throughout the course of the semester. Overall, I think that the sustainability project has been a learning and enlightening experience for everyone in this class. Many more things can be done next semester, since the groundwork has been laid to continue this project for time to come.
Inbreeding depression is reduced fitness in a given population as a result of breeding related individuals . It is often a result of the population bottleneck . In general , the higher the genetic variation among the population , education , and the less likely it is that the marriage of relatives suffering from depression . Inbreeding depression seems to be present in most groups of organisms , but varies between mating systems . Hermaphroditic species often carries a lesser degree of inbreeding depression of hybridization of species , and the repeated generations of self- fertilization is believed to cleanse the harmful alleles of the population . For example , it has been proven in the hybridization filamentous certain types remanei suffer severely from inbreeding depression , unlike in C. elegans hermaphrodite relativity, which suffer outbreeding depression . [1]
Sex has been around for millions of years, transferring, spreading and exchanging genes from offspring to offspring either asexually or sexually. Although, many species are specific with whom or what they mate with and they also consider the consequences of mating. Sex can have advantages and disadvantages that could lead to offspring or to death. The advantage of sex is recombination. Although, recombination can be broken down into many parts. Recombination created genetic variation leading to differences among living things, forming new species. An example of recombination is humans, or cats, dogs, and other species that can exchange or pass on genes and create offspring that is viable for survival.