dynamics of founder effect
Populations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific region/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or technological conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals largely determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area distinctive having it’s future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders.
Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is relatively easier in comparison to older founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940’s there is a collection of written knowledge about it’s inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders include white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge of that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bushmen and Pygmies until about two thousand years ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region developed agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene pool of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europe’s founding fathers came largely within two migrations: one being farmers form the Near East about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean; the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe.
The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.
...ated form” (IBT, 1). To figure things like this out and prove it, regions of genomes are compared with entire genomes. Before we are able to judge the human origins model, we need to be able to understand the coding of genes for traits of being human, etc. Paabo’s team discovered an mtDNA sequence from a finger bone they found from around 40,000 years ago, as carbon dating is one of the most commonly used methods of determining a fossil’s age. (Hammer, 70).
Christopher Columbus has been discredited with discovering America, because for thousands of years, Native Americans had thrived on the land he claimed he discovered. There are also claims that the Phoenicians, Jews, Romans, Hoei-shins, Vikings, and the Portuguese landed in America long before Columbus; but these claims have yet to be backed by solid evidence. Columbus was not the first person to be on the shores of America, or maybe not even the first European; but when he landed, he brought the new land to the attention of a growi...
“’Let ‘em come,’ she said. ‘We got a-plenty.’” (Steinbeck 73). Although short, this quote is a strong statement of Ma Joad’s attitude and strength as a leader to accept people and keep them together because they really did not have plenty, but she was willing to take new people in regardless.
When the last Carolingian, Louis the Child, died in 911, the dukes decided to elect one of their own to lead the German people. They choose the weakest of them Conrad of Franconia. He ruled for about eight years and when he was on his deathbed he asked for the strongest of the dukes Henry the Fowler to be his successor. Henry the Fowler ruled until 1024, under him the German empire became the most powerful western state in Europe. When Henry the Fowler died his son Otto I took over as the king of Germany. Through an alliance with the church, Otto constructed a German monarchy. He eventually made his way to Italy and proclaimed himself the king of Italy as well. On his second trip to Italy the Pope crowned him Emperor. Otto also put an end to the Magyar invasions, thereby enhancing his claim that the king, and not the dukes, was the true defender of the German people. Otto’s plan was to model the great government that he was in the process of building after the Roman Empire; he wanted to be like the imperial Caesars or even Charlemagne.
Although the crisis came to head in 2008, there were people who had realized that trouble was coming for years. The largest warning sign was the amount of credit in the market place. Many of the big companies and banks had very little capital, and the lack of capital was brought on by the housing bubble. Companies were lending too much money to people who could not pay them back. And even before people started to default on their mortgages, people could see that this was a problem. During a meeting with the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in January 2007 the staff of the Federal Reserve admitted “that they were aware of [the] problem in the housing issue three years earlier” (Dodd). And they were not the only ones. As far back as 2001 there were people who saw the danger that sub-prime mortgages were and who were trying to have bills passed to stop the bad lending that was going on, but no one wanted to list...
Although, British Petroleum is one of the most well-known oil companies throughout the world, they have had many problems in their past. “In Alaska, home to one of BP’s longest-standing and most important business units, the company produced nearly twice as much oil as ConocoPhillips, the other major company operating there, but since 2000 it has also recorded nearly four times as many large spills of oil, chemicals or waste” (Lustgarten 2). That was just one example of how BP has bee...
The 2008 financial crisis led to a sharp increase in mortgage foreclosures primarily subprime leading to a collapse in several mortgage lenders. Recurrent foreclosures and the harms of subprime mortgages were caused by loose lending practices, housing bubble, low interest rates and extreme risk taking (Zandi, 2008). Additionally, expert analysis on the 2008 financial crisis assert that the cause was also due to erroneous monetary policy moves and poor housing policies. The federal government encouraged the expansion of risky mortgages to under-qualified borrowers. Congress pushed for the support of affordable housing through extended procurement of non-prime loans for applicants with low income (Zandi, 2008). The cutting down of interest rates to low levels to supplement for technology bubble of early twentieth century and the effects of Sept 11, a housing bubble was created. This move facilitated individuals with poor credit to obtain mortgages in high percentage when lenders created non-conventional mortgages by offering mortgages with extensive amortization periods, loans with interest and payment alternatives such as ARMs (Angelides et al, 2011). Ultimately, interest rates rose again and many subprime borrowers stopped paying for their mortgages when their interest rate were reset to higher monthly payments. This paper will discuss the impact of the financial crisis as a result of subprime mortgages.
In terms of looking at how credit rating agencies affected the market as a whole, they played a role within the mortgage crisis as they gave way to a real estate credit bubble. The mortgage crisis seems to have b...
The majority of scientific work in genetics and genomic sequencing has been done in the last 155 years. In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species where he proposed evolution by natural selection. Evolution is the change of inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.Yet, the principals of genetics required to explain how characters are ...
With all the hype surrounding the iPod post its introduction into the electronics market, it should be of no surprise that iPod’s unmatched demand for such distinct music management tool would lead Apple to add iPod’s features to the most sold electronic device to date: the cell phone. Thus, you get a hybrid called the iPhone. This highly anticipated electronic trend setter without fault had numbers of people waiting in line at the Apple store in New York; iPod fans want to be among the first to explore some of the most innovative phone features to date. Among those features you will find a 3.5 inch touch screen (the largest of all smart phones), Wi-Fi connectivity, the most usage time of all smart phones, i.e. talk time, internet use, or video playback, and many more impressive characteristics. The iPhone has, thereby, revolutionized the cell phone industry to become a potential best designed and most admired phone of the decade.
The very first iPhone was announced by the founder of Apple, Steve Jobs, in 2007. His vision was to reinvent the phone. iPhones have revolutionized smartphones and have shaped the cell phone industry into what it is today. On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs put together an incredible keynote presentation. He stated that he would be “introducing a wide-screen ipod with touch controls, a revolutionary mobile phone, and a breakthrough Internet device” (Ritchie, 2015). The audience assumed that this meant that Mr. Jobs would be launching three separate devices. However, it was only one device, the iPhone. Within the past 7 years, Apple has been able to tweak its iPhones by incorporating major redesigns. These redesigns use combinations
The label ‘teenager’ as we know it was a concept that first arose in the 20th century. Before this there were young people in their teenage years; however there was no sub-culture or institution in place that brought them together or that helped to develop peer group cohesion on a societal scale. Whilst some worked at home, on family farms, or in factories or offices, others attended school. Some were married off or were being prepared for marriage. Teenagers didn't do that much to distinguish themselves from adults. They dressed exactly like their parents as well as having the same views and music tastes.
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