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Short Answer Identification Questions (50 Points)

1. Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, was a noted Black nationalist and activist of the mid-twentieth century. X was the son of a Black male and mixed woman. His mother was reported to have chosen’s X’s father because of his slate black skin. The Ku Klux Klan in Oklahoma murdered Malcolm’s father. Some years later, his mother would be committed to a mental institution. Malcolm, in his youth, was a petty criminal and hustler in cities such as Chicago, Boston, and New York. He was known to commit robberies of wealthy families I these cities. Malcolm was arrested for theft in Boston and sent to prison where he began his spiritual and intellectual conversion. While in prison, Malcolm was introduced to the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the Leader of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad’s teachings of self-reliance and freedom from white oppression resonated with Malcolm. He became a member of the Nation of Islam upon his release from prison circa 1948. He was on the leading members of the National of Islam, having a considerable amount of authority at both the Nation’s national headquarters in Chicago and as well as being the chapter leader for the Nation’s Harlem subsidiaries. While a member for the Nation, Malcolm went on a crusade against white tyranny and oppression in not only the American state, but throughout the world. He was a distinguished orator known for his speeches such as “God’s Judgment of White America (1963), Message to the Grass Roots (1963), and The Ballot or the Bullet (1964). Malcolm became disillusioned with some of the practices of the Nation of Islam, specifically with the private scandals involving Elijah Muhammad. He left the Nation on March 8, 1964 and embarked on a Ha...

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...ries on Black Nationalism inspired the radicalized youth such as Stokely Carmichael, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and others to develop a radical and more polarized urban survival movement known as the Black Power Movement. In 1966, Stokely Carmichael first used the term “Black Power” to encourage Black self-respect and economic and political autonomy and representation. Carmichael, once the chair of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, now departed from the conservative Civil Rights Movement for a radicalized Black Power Movement. Seale, Newton and the organization they founded in 1966, the Black Panther Party, began as a Black Nationalist movement. However, the Party’s ideology radically shifted from Black Nationalism to a Marxist/Leninist platform who sought to rectify the injustice caused not just by whites, but the bourgeoisie of the developed society.