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Communitarian vs cosmopolitan theories
An essay on cosmopolitanism
Essay b2 about cosmopolitanism
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Universal cosmopolitanism
Appiah theory explains that people are living in the different part of the world having something common in them. Different activities such as watching movies, eating, buying things, reading books and newspapers, attending parties and funerals. They have also some universal values like kindness and generosity. He argues that these are important points in cross cultural conversation and believe in human dignity across the nation, to share these goals with people in many countries by speaking different languages. The people of the world make full use of World Wide Web. They never go to war against any country, but they enlist in a campaign against any nation that they get in the way of universal justices (Appiah, 2006, Cosmopolitanism, Ethics in a World of Strangers, p.137).They are the Muslim fundamentalists that are recruiting ground for Al Qaeda and these fundamentalists illustrate universal ethics which destroy the real picture of cosmopolitanism and in the absence of toleration easily turned to murder.
Appiah theory gives the example of Christian and Muslim fundamentalists who are searching a community of those people who share their faith and rejects all local and national loyalty, having no tolerance for religious differences. Appiah says that we should be careful about such fundamentalist groups and he rejects that type of universal community because they led to murder and we can learn a lesson from the history of war in Europe.
His “cosmopolitan theory believes in universal truth. It is realistic that how hard is the truth to find. Once truth we hold, however, is that every human being has an obligation to every other, everybody matters: that is our central idea. And it sharply limits the scope o...
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...least some forms of partiality” (Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, p.222, 223).
Appiah theory of cosmopolitanism is demanding for global justice in a religiously diverse society. According to Appiah the United Nations are the largest and most ambitious organizations which are responsible for promoting justice and peace in the World. The United Nations peace process in Rwanda, Liberia, Uganda, Palestine, Sarilanka, Myanmar and occupied Kashmir are very useful. The International Criminal Courts (ICC) has given the charge with crimes against humanity, including crimes, murder, forcible deportation, torture and persecution in the name of religion, ethnicity or gender. The ICC has charged dictator and mass murder from Sudan, Congo and recently from Liberia. The UN Security Council measures to protect the Kurdish population of Iraq, restoring peace and security in Haiti.
Genocide is a pressing issue with a multitude of questions and debates surrounding it. It is the opinion of many people that the United Nations should not get involved with or try to stop ongoing genocide because of costs or impositions on the rights of a country, but what about the rights of an individual? The UN should get involved in human rights crimes that may lead to genocide to prevent millions of deaths, save money on humanitarian aid and clean up, and fulfill their responsibilities to stop such crimes. It is preferable to stop genocide before it occurs through diplomacy, but if necessary, military force may be used as a last resort. Navi Pillay, Human Rights High Commissioner, stated, “Concerted efforts by the international community at critical moments in time could prevent the escalation of violence into genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or ethnic cleansing.”
Many are subjected to sexual abuse, including rape.” As revealed, the children involved in this injustice, are ordinarily being forced to be mistreated. This supports the claim that when groups come together they can help those involved, as with the help of public backlash on this issue, they can help the children involved get out of these situations. Accordingly from “The Charge: Genocide” By Lydia Polgreen, “.Sudan's President, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, could face arrest on charges of genocide—the systematic destruction of a racial or cultural group—as well as war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur. In July, the prosecutor at the International Criminal Court (I.C.C.) ruled that the U.S. government was a "separate country." ), based in The Hague, the Netherlands, formally requested an arrest warrant for Bashir.”
Think of the term ‘globalization’. Your first thought may be of people from all corners of the Earth exchanging ideas, views, products, and so much more. Appiah introduces his article by describing a scene of a traditional Wednesday festival in the town of Kumasi. He allows the reader to visualize the traditions held by those in attendance, but begins his case by providing details of men on their cellphones and holding conversations on contemporary topics such as H.I.V/AIDS. When Appiah speaks of “contamination,” he highlights the way one culture is influenced by another accepting an exchange of ideas. In his article he asks, “why do people in these places sometimes feel that their identities are threatened?” (Appiah). This question raises a topic that is central to the unification of peoples’ ideals and cultures...
Another important way, not entirely unrelated, of interpreting what transpired on 9/11 is to explain the attack of Islamic extremists on the United States of America as a manifestation of a “clash of civilizations.” At the center of this way of looking at these unprecedented events has been an article and book both authored by the noted Harvard professor of political science, Samuel P.
However, a cosmopolitan would argue that the ethical value and rights granted should apply to every individual, instead of communities or nations. Even David Miller recognizes that it is natural to believe we have a certain obligation or responsibility to others outside our own nation, such as the world’s poor. This is because we are all human and have a humanitarian impulse inside us that makes us concerned with the well-being of others.
A major disagreement among numerous people is religion because each person believes that they are right and the other is wrong, whereas cosmopolitans believe that both are right in their own sense. Appiah uses the example of a Muslim and a Catholic in his chapter, “The Shattered Mirror,” in order to solidify his argument of cosmopolitanism. “Muslims should go to Mecca, Catholics to Mass” – this statement, however, is not valid in today’s world. If you do not believe in one of these traditions because you believe your religion is the only religion, you would believe those who think otherwise are mistaken, not you. As Appiah concluded within this chapter, “we can often experience the appeal of values that aren’t, exactly, our own. So perhaps, when it comes to morality, there is no singular truth. In that case, there’s no one shattered mirror; there are lots of mirrors, lots of moral truths, and we can at best agree to differ” (11). Cosmopolitanism can only thrive if we all agree to differ, instead of constantly disagreeing. But, how can we all agree to disagree if we do not have the same values and moral
...ociation of independent countries that have agreed to work together to prevent and end wars” in the article United Nations. Positives are promoted by the UN in attempt to improve global social conditions such as international cooperation, economic development, and humans rights. Problems are to be resolved peacefully and diplomatically rather than relying on force. Lemkin brought forth the idea for the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; The United Nations adopted it. The agreement states that acts or intents of genocide are considered crimes under international law, and nations need to work to prevent and punish such acts. Author Richard Rupp informs us in his article Genocide that “In 1998, the UN’s International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda became the first international court to pass a guilty verdict for the crime of genocide”.
There is a strong belief that Islam and politics are directly tied. They are tied in the sense that the building blocks of the religion dictate how they ought to behave in the political environment. Through this mandatory follow up behavior that the religion delineates, many have come to believe that its teachings are a form of terrorism. Mandaville argues that what has challenged the Islamic link between politics and religion was the emergence of secularism, which went against the belief that politics and religion could go together. Islam has been a religion that has been accused of supporting terrorist activities in the world. Different assumptions have been brought up to understand better the linkages between what really lies behind the Islam religion and politics. Peter Mandaville argues that Islam is dynamic and that it has changed over time; situated within time and politics.
He calls for people to have confidence in themselves and to cease living by the world’s universal ideas. He places great importance on the fact that a person should always be true to himself or herself. He believes that if people begin living according to everyone else’s wishes, they will ...
...n, about it reports a set of UN, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International human rights organizations. [40] [41]
This paper explores accusations of selective justice regarding the ICC, made by the African Union. It argues that the ICC can effectively contribute to peace and peacebuilding, so long as it involves a comprehensive approach to international justice that extends beyond criminal trials. The argument is reinforced through utilization of African case studies where the ICC has not been entirely effective. Furthermore a solution focusing on progressive initiatives of restorative international justice is outlined. The African case studies demonstrate a Western centric bias of the ICC; however, the progressive initiatives show a willingness to go forward with international justice and a shift toward a new consciousness. It is imperative that the world recognize the potential for the ICC and exercise patient while its identity and role is established. Key leaders must recognize that the ICC is still in its infancy, having been formed in 2002 (ICC, 2011).
Cosmopolitanism and communitarianism differ vastly in the way they, as intellectual concepts, deal with international relations. Cosmopolitanism holds the view that the rights of humanity and the individual should override those of the state (or political community), whereas communitarianism is the opposite. It states that the rights of the community are more important than those of the state. It is because of these fundamental differences that they deal with international relations in significantly different ways. However, both theories have their flaws and it seems that we can have neither a fully cosmopolitan or communitarian world political system.
Religious Fundamentalism is not a modern phenomenon, although, there has received a rise in the late twentieth century. It occurs differently in different parts of the world but arises in societies that are deeply troubled or going through a crisis (Heywood, 2012, p. 282). The rise in Religious Fundamentalism can be linked to the secularization thesis which implies that victory of reason over religion follows modernization. Also, the moral protest of faiths such as Islam and Christianity can be linked to the rise of Religious Fundamentalism, as they protest the influence of corruption and pretence that infiltrate their beliefs from the spread of secularization (Heywood, 2012, p. 283). Religious Fundamentalists have followed a traditional political thought process yet, have embraced a militant style of activity which often can turn violent (Heywood, 2012, p. 291). To be a fundamentalist is to wholly believe in the doctrine they are preaching or professing and will go to any lengths possible to have these beliefs implemented by their government , even using force or violence ( Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 149). All religions have a fundamentalist element, however, there is more of a significant conflict with Islamic fundamentalists and Christian fundamentalists. It is wrongly thought fundamentalism is exclusively linked to Islamic fundamentalist such as the jihadi group al-Qaeda nonetheless Christianity is the world's largest religion and is bond to have some fundamentalist component such as the Christian New Right in the Unites States of America (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150).
The International Criminal Court (ICC), located in The Hague, is the court of last resort for prosecution of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Its founding treaty, the Rome Statute, entered into force on July 1, 2002. Over the last decade the court has made significant headway in putting international justice on the map. As of June 2015, the ICC had 123 states parties, had opened investigations in eight countries, and had issued three verdicts. But while the ICC is now responsible for international criminal accountability, its daunting mandate and world-wide reach have made the its flaws more visible. The court and its member countries face major challenges in meeting expanded expectations for the court in its second decade.
Our world today is filled with awful crimes that interfere with societies happiness and well being each and everyday. Different countries struggle with severe crimes that put their fellow citizens and cities in danger each and everyday. Some people question how to deal with such terrible inhuman acts toward people and societies each and everyday. In order to keep the world in tacked and a safe place against such crimes the International Criminal Court was first talked about in the 1970s, but became ratified to begin pursuing cases in July of 2002. The International Criminal Court is designed to prosecute, and bring to justice those responsible for the worst crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, committed anywhere in the world (Hebel, n.d.) The ICC an independent international organization with 122 members, separate from the United Nations system (“Q&A: International criminal court,” 2011). It is the court of last resort, based out of Hague, Netherlands, and is only used when national authorities cannot or will not prosecute. The uniqueness of its purpose, structure, jurisdiction, and significance make its understanding essential to those studying public justice.