THE CHANGING POLITICAL-MILITARY
ENVIRONMENT: SOUTH ASIA
The security environment in South Asia has remained relatively un-settled
since the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests of May 1998. The
Indian government’s efforts to publicly emphasize the challenges
China posed in the weeks leading up to those tests—after more than
a decade of mostly sotto voce complaints—served to rupture the or-dinarily
glacial process of normalizing Sino-Indian relations. This
process always possessed a certain fragility in that the gradually de-creasing
tensions along the Sino-Indian border did not automatically
translate into increased trust between Beijing and New Delhi. Even
as both sides sought to derive tactical advantages from the confi-dence-
building measures they had negotiated since 1993—for ex-ample,
the drawdown of forces along the utterly inhospitable LAC in
the Himalayas—each ended up pursuing larger grand strategies that
effectively undercut the other’s interests. Beijing, for example, per-sisted
in covertly assisting the nuclear and missile programs of
India’s local competitor, Pakistan, while New Delhi sought in re-sponse
to develop an intermediate-range ballistic missile whose
comparative utility lay primarily in targeting China.
The repeated identification of China as a threat to Indian interests by
both Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leaders and other influential Indian
elites in the first half of 1998 not only underscored the fragile nature
of the Sino-Indian rapprochement but also ruptured the carefully
maintained façade of improving relations between the two coun-204 The United States and Asia
tries.1 When this public finger pointing ultimately gave way to
India’s resumption of nuclear testing on May 11, 1998 (an event ac-companied
by the Indian prime minister’s explicit claim that those
tests were driven by the hostile actions of India’s northern neighbor
over the years), security competition in South Asia—which usually
appears, at least in popular perceptions, as merely a bilateral affair
between India and Pakistan—finally revealed itself as the “regional
strategic triangle”2 it has always been.
This appendix analyzes Indian and Pakistani attitudes toward China
in the context of the triangular security competition in South Asia.
Taking the 1998 nuclear tests as its point of departure, it assesses
how China figures in the grand strategies of the two principal states
in the Indian subcontinent and identifies the principal regional
geopolitical contingencies for which the United States should pre-pare
over the next decade. Finally, it briefly analyzes the kinds of
opportunities the region offers to the USAF as it engages, even as it
prepares to hedge against, a rising China.
NUCLEAR TESTING AND THE TRIANGULAR SECURITY
COMPETITION IN SOUTH ASIA
Impact of the Nuclear Tests on Sino-Indian Relations
Although Pakistan was directly affected by the Indian nuclear tests,
these tests engaged Chinese security interests as well. To begin with,
India’s decision to resume testing made manifest New Delhi’s re-sentment
Lewis and Clark were very successful people however their greatest success was only achievable with the help of Native Americans. April 1803 President Thomas Jefferson purchased uncharted territory from france. Jefferson always had liked the idea of western expansion so when he got the chance he took it. Jefferson pushed for approval to head an exploration of the Louisiana Purchase, and in 1803 it was approved. Jefferson had named Meriwether Lewis the leader and William Clark as his associate it wouldn't be until their first winter during the exploration that sacajawea would come into the picture . However Jefferson did not announce publicly that the U.S. had purchased eight hundred and sixty eight thousand square miles of land for fifteen million dollars until July .Lewis and Clark’s journey began near St.Louis, Missouri May 1804. Most days of the exploration had harsh conditions or at least one challenging obstacle to get around.For example during the exploration the hundred and forty six days spent in North Dakota, they experienced harsh temperatures below zero. This vast amount of uncharted land would become thirteen of the the states we know today. This expedition would discover a hundred and twenty two new animals, and a hundred and seventy eight plants, the expedition took eight hundred and sixty three days over a length of seven thousand six hundred and eighty nine miles, and at the cost of thirty eight thousand seven hundred and seventy two dollars and twenty five cents. Lewis and Clark’s Expedition would not have been as successful as it was without the help of George Drouillard, Sacajawea, and the Native American tribes they encountered. These Native Americans helped provide shelter, food, knowledge, and artifacts ...
Jefferson was especially concerned that Lewis and Clark establish good connections with the Indians and carry out linguistic and ethnological studies. Consequently, they held several meetings with the Indian tribes they met on their journey. The Americans wanted to open the door to diplomatic relations and gain access to trading rights with the Indians too. They were instructed to notify the Indians of the new sovereignty of the United States under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. In making these contacts, they hoped to shift trade away from the Spanish, French, English, and Russian competitors and toward American interests.
Have you ever wondered what an expedition would look like? How it would feel to actually do one in the early 1800’s? Lewis and Clark lived through many attempted ones and actually did one themselves and their story has been told for hundreds of years. Lewis and Clark were very well known expeditioners. Their real names are actually Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Thomas Jefferson was interested in the Western land, between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountain. The Louisiana Purchase happened which gave Jefferson an opportunity and a reason to fulfil his dreams onto Westward land. Lewis began to prepare for this expedition. He was interested in the length of rivers and location, geographical features, economic and agricultural development and much more. It took Jefferson, Lewis, and Clark many hard years of preparation to get everything ready for the trip. They knew that it wasn’t going to be a safe nor easy trip, but the intriguing sound of the trip and what the Westward land could hold was unbearable. After years of planning, stressing, and getting ready for the expediton, Lewis set out on August 31, 1803 in his keelboat, flat-bottomed, large dugout “canoe”.
This was a enormous leap towards Manifest Destiny due to the large mass of land it provided the United States with. When Jefferson first purchased the land he made the senate aware that it was indeed all theirs and they may do as pleased with it. However, the people of America had no idea what to do with the land due to the fact that they virtually knew nothing about it. So to discover what was in this land the United States planed an exploratory mission through the
In 1803, Jefferson persuaded Congress to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France which this made America expand from its original thirteen colonies so this showed that America is becoming a strong independent land that other countries were starting to be terrified of. Thomas Jefferson believed that “the United States of America are united by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments … and by the Constitution that no power over the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated to the United States”(MP 6-6, 156). President Jefferson then decided to make informed decisions regarding the westward expansion of the United States. So another expansion was made by the expedition led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and the man he selected to accompany him as co-leader of the journey, William Clark. Together, and with considerable assistance from their Native American guide Sacagawea, and from Native tribes along the way, they succeeded in exploring much of the continent. The impact of the Lewis and Clark expedition involved the considerable knowledge the explorers gained during the course of their journey regarding the geographic features of the terrain and of the peoples who populated it. Clark states that “[we] believe that the surest guarantee of savage fidelity to any
One, they wanted to find out about Indians for Jefferson. Two, they wanted to establish trade relations because that’s gonna be part of an empire for the United States. Three, and they wanted to include them in the United Stated. (http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/living/6.html)
President Jefferson was instrumental in the Louisiana Purchase, which secured an area extending from Canada to the Gulf and the Mississippi to the Rockies, for fifteen million dollars. This purchase also led to the planning and organization of the Lewis and Clark expedition. However, the argument over whether or not Florida was included in the Louisiana Purchase caused many sarcastic attacks on Thomas Jefferson from members of congress.
On January, 1803, Thomas Jefferson sent a ‘secret’ letter to Congress that was asking them for $2,500 to fund them for an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. His plan was to “establish trade with the Native American people of the West and find a water route to the Pacific. Jefferson also was fascinated by the prospect of what could be learned about the geography of the West, the lives and languages of the Native Americans, the plants and animals, the soil, the rocks, the weather, and how they differed from those in the East.” Jefferson made a choice to allow Meriwether Lewis lead the expedition. Lewis was his former secretary and a fellow native of Albemarle County, Virginia (Monticello). When Lewis was in the Army, he served in a rifle company commanded by William Clark. Clark chose to let Lewis assist him in leading the United States Army expedition. “During the cold winter at Fort Mandan, the members of the Expedition prepared a shipment that was to be sent back to President Jefferson. The shipment included maps, written reports, items made by Native Americans, the skins and skeletons of previously unknown animals, soil samples, minerals, seeds, and cages containing a live prairie dog, a sharp-tailed grouse, and magpies. The large keelboat and about a dozen men were dispatched downriver on April 7. The shipment was received at the President's House in Washington four months later.
方玥雯[Fang Yue Wen] (2009). 北韓核武研發與東北亞安全：2002-2007. [The North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons and the Security in Northeast Asia: 2002-2007] in台灣[Taiwan]: 國立政治大學[National Cheungchi University] Retrieved 18 July, 2013 from http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37029
Mexico is bordered by the United States on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea on the east, and Guatemala and Belize on the south. It is characterized by an extraordinary diversity in topography and climate and is crossed by two major mountain chains, the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The high central plateau between these two mountain ranges historically funneled most of the human population toward the center of this region. Mexico features volcanic peaks, snow-capped mountains, tropical rain forests, and internationally famous beaches. Mexico City is an enormous metropolitan area and dominates the rest of the country's culture, economy, and politics. Nearly one-fifth of the nation's population lives in the immediate vicinity of the capital. Mexico City is also a central hub for Mexico's transportation network—including railroads, highways, and airlines.
Since its origin in 1948, North Korea has been isolated and heavily armed, with hostile relations with South Korea and Western countries. It has developed a capability to produce short- and medium-range missiles, chemical weapons, and possibly biological and nuclear weapons. In December 2002, Pyongyang lifted the freeze on its plutonium-based nuclear weapons program and expelled IAEA inspectors who had been monitoring the freeze under the Agreed Framework of October 1994. As the Bush administration was arguing its case at the United Nations for disarming Iraq, the world has been hit with alarming news of a more menacing threat: North Korea has an advanced nuclear weapons program that, U.S. officials believe, has already produced one or two nuclear bombs. As the most recent standoff with North Korea over nuclear missile-testing approaches the decompression point, the United States needs to own up to a central truth: The region of Northeast Asia will never be fully secure until the communist dictatorship of North Korea passes from the scene. After threatening to test a new, long-range missile, Pyongyang says it is willing to negotiate with "the hostile nations" opposing it. But whether the North will actually forgo its test launch is anyone's guess. North Korea first became embroiled with nuclear politics during the Korean War. Although nuclear weapons were never used in Korea, American political leaders and military commanders threatened to use nuclear weapons to end the Korean War on terms favorable to the United States. In 1958, the United States deployed nuclear weapons to South Korea for the first time, and the weapons remained there until President George Bush ordered their withdrawal in 1991. North Korean government stateme...
known for decades: it pays to invest in Canada. There is a government commitment to attract foreign direct investment. Canada's government provides a competitive, welcoming climate for international business. It is committed to fiscal responsibility, deficit reduction and job creation.