indexing and retrieval systems for identifying videos in which few predefined events are shown. 7) Other Applications: Nahijima et.al [46] presented a quick and precise Motion Pictures Experts Group(MPEG) audio classification algorithm based on sub band data domain. Classification task was carried out for 4 segments such as silent, music, speech and applause segments for 1s unit. Later Bayesian discrimination method for multivariate Gaussian distribution was used for classification task. III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Digital video is a one that is generated from the camera which is in the form of pixels. A digital video is a sequences of images, called frames displayed at a frame rate, to create an illusion of animation. Frame rate can be defined as number of unique consecutive frames produced per second. Frame rate varies between several standards. A typical video has a frame rate of 25fps. A complete video is partitioned into acts. Each act is further partitioned into scenes. A scene is a sequence of actions where each consecutive frame differs with slight change. Audio is now extracted from the given video either at short-term frame level or at long-term clip level. Data representation of extracted audio signal addresses the issues of representing the examples to be classified in terms of feature vectors. The intention of modeling is to find a mapping from the feature space to the target labels so as to reduce the prediction error. The general system components of the audio based video event detection is presented in Figure 1. The major components of the system are the audio data representation and learning methodologies. An audio signal can be represented by many number of features. Audio feature extraction is an important phase for... ... middle of paper ... ...sing Rate is defined as the number of zero crossings in the temporal domain within a second. Kedem [30] defined ZCR as the measure of dominant frequency in the signal. ZCR is the common feature that is used for music/speech discrimination due to its simplicity. It is also used in other audio domains such as highlight detection [7], speech analysis [8], singer [68] and environmental sound detection [5]. Linear prediction zero crossing ration (LP-ZCR) is defined as the ration between the zero crossing count of the waveform and the zero crossing count of the linear prediction analysis filter [13]. These features help to discriminate between speech and non-speech audio signal. Zero Crossing Peak Amplitudes(ZCPA) has been presented by Kim et.al in [31] ,[32] which is highly suitable for speech recognition in noisy environments. It is an approximation of the spectrum which
Monahan, R. B. (2013). Looking at Movies. In Chapter 9: Sounds (p. 416). New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
film goes is very fast and it changes from one location to the next in
Polyphonic’s primary customers are record companies, producers and singers. This customer base has a common need is for an improved ability to predict how and which songs can become hits.
The history of the modern media surveillance systems begins first with the invention of the computer and the use of software. Before the internet, information was only transported between computers by a physical storage device or an extremely expensive network. Software for media surveillance was only used to scan the media that was available in data form for particular key words. It could then be stored and indexed to be later analyzed. (Sarlós, 1982)
Three coordinate systems are utilized when attempting to locate a specific sound. The azimuth coordinate determines if a sound is located to the left or the right of a listener. The elevation coordinate differentiates between sounds that are up or down relative to the listener. Finally, the distance coordinate determines how far away a sound is from the receiver (Goldstine, 2002). Different aspects of the coordinate systems are also essential to sound localization. For example, when identifying the azimuth in a sound, three acoustic cues are used: spectral cues, interaural time differences (ITD), and interaural level differences (ILD) (Lorenzi, Gatehouse, & Lever, 1999). When dealing with sound localizaton, spectral cues are teh distribution of frequencies reaching teh ear. Brungart and Durlach (1999) (as seen in Shinn-Cunning, Santarelli, & Kopco, 1999) believed that as the ...
Popular music places a premium on accessibility, represents various meanings to boost both instant appeal and memorability - distinctive tunes, novel instrumental flourishes, danceable rhythms, repeated riffs - but its signal feature is melodic emphasis and great vocal gatherings.
Theatre is restricted to geographical span, whereas motion the opposite is true. In film the director has freedom to shoot each scene at different locations and at different times, later putting them together for the final product. The result for the movie is that the audience is easily able to recognize the time of day and place. Stage performances are less clear, and unless one is familiar with the play they must often simply wait for actors to deduce where and when the scene is t...
1.The researchers were trying to find out whether the long term memory of infants were affected by the condition that they are in. According to previous studies, Event Segmentation Theory makes it easier for adults to process complex events, objects etc. It is proven that, for adults, long term memory is stronger when information is presented at event boundaries. This study wants to see whether that idea works with infants or not. Infants are also processing information by event segmentation, and previous studies shows that the way infants do event segmentation is similar to EST ability of adults. The study tries to answer two questions: Do infants have a stronger long term memory for the information that is presented at event boundaries or
2. John M. Eargle, 2002. JBL Audio Engineering for Sound Reinforcement. Edition. JBL Pro Audio Publications.,
as Hertz (Hz). The sounds of speech are in the range of 250 Hz to 4000
Lachs, L., Pisoni, D., & Kirk, K. (2001). Use of audiovisual information in speech perception by
Shirin Neshat is a multi versatile Iranian artist and filmmaker. Her artistic works cover the fields of photography, video and sound installations, and film. However, she is mostly known and highly regarded for her video work. More importantly, I want to investigate the purpose behind the implementation of sound in her video installations and its importance. Specifically Turbulent (1998), Rapture (1999), and Soliloquy (1999). As she’s stated repeatedly, sound is always a very important part of her videos. In some instances of her videos, the sound aspect has a deeper and more conceptual value than the visual itself, meaning that perfecting this part of her video pieces is of huge significance for her.
Sound calls our attention to both the spatial and temporal dimensions of a scene by putting the audience in the scene of the movie. The majority of sound in a film is completed during post-production making it possible to make a scene come to life. Time and space can be captured on film through not only the scene itself but with sound as well. Many films over the last half century use sounds and music to provide the audience with this experience. (Barsam, Monahan 366)
What distinguishes sound waves from most other waves is that humans easily can perceive the frequency and amplitude of the wave. The frequency governs the pitch of the note produced, while the amplitude relates to the sound le...
Although many modern speech-recognition programs and devices voice-enable their systems, the terms voice recognition and speech recognition are not synonymous. While both use technology to capture the spoken word, voice recognition and speech recognition have different goals, and run different technologies. Speech recognition is continuous, natural language processing. In contrast, voice recognition uses recordings to determine an individual's identity, a twist on today's social security number and fingerprint.