Athens:
 Democracy-rule by the people
 Power in Council
 Leading the Council was oligarchy (small group of rulers who controlled the judicial, military, civil and religious functions of government)
 Oligarchy became powerful and passed laws for its benefit
 Farmers and merchants revolted
 Nobles saw the danger in the future, so they distributed land of the wealthy to the poor and it gave Assembly power to pass laws and elect gov’t officials
 Direct democracy developed-more people had a say in gov’t
 Beliefs: Majority rule (law making process and jury trials), all citizens equal
 Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens- unable to be in gov’t, poor could not afford education and there were lotteries rather than elections.
Rome:
 Republic-representative democracy, one citizen represents a number of others
 Social structure: patricians (upper, landowners) and plebians (lower, farmers)
 Each had lawmaking body, but only patrician Senate could pass laws
 Plebians wanted greater role in gov’t-they were allowed to hold gov’t posts
 Beliefs: lawmaking bodies on state and local levels, all free men have equal rights, innocent until proven guilty, certain rights can never be taken away
 Contributions: system of laws- patrician judges made unfair decisions, therefore, laws were written down to handle similar cases similarly
English Traditions:
 “cultural baggage”-brought traditions of England to America
 Common Law-judicial decisions standardized-judges look back on past similar cases
 Precedents-previous decisions and local customs of people-same decisions applied for all- this is today’s basic legal procedure-cite past cases to prove theirs
 Magna Carta (1215)-king not above law, trial by jury (peers), speedy trial, protections from unjust punishment
 Parliament-English lawmaking and rep. Body. Parliament grew in power because monarchs need money-this idea was that of limiting power within gov’t through three branches
 Bill of Rights (1689)-monarch must have consent of people, through their rep. in parliament , in order to tax and change laws
European Philosophers:
 John Locke-natural rights (peop...
... middle of paper ...
... on Americas side-showed the connection between England and America was only the tyrannical king, did not talk about parliament
Confederation:
 Unitary system: strong centralized gov’t-only they can make laws
 Governors and judges-limited to terms and limited veto power
 Confederation-loos association of independent states bound for particular purpose
 AC-bounded 13 colonies for common purpose-defense and welfare
 Congress-coin money, borrow money, treaties, make war and peace
 Postives of AC-gov’t waged successful war and peace-US got NW Territory. Land Ordinance of 1785- divided land into townships and each further divided and auctioned off for $1 an acre-proceeds went to public schools
 Negative-Congress- no power to tax of regulate trade-therefore, gov’t could not pay off debts from AR.- states placed tariffs on good imported from other states hoping to protect sale of own products-resulted in trade wars in ill feelings
 Shay’s Rebellion-farmers rebelling (2,000) against state gov’t because governor was insensitive-this event ran doubts in others- is America one nation or thirteen?
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the oligarchy led the council, controlling judicial, military, civil, and religious functions.
- Explains nobles saw the danger in the future, so they distributed land of the wealthy to the poor and it gave assembly power to pass laws and elect gov’t officials.
- Opines that women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens, unable to be in government, poor could not afford education, and there were lotteries rather than elections.
- Explains that england sent hessians to attack colonies, and withdrew its protection from colonies (open to indian attacks).
- Analyzes how common sense-thomas paine, sold 120,000, showed divisions between england and colonies and how it was 3,000 miles away.
- Opines that patrician judges made unfair decisions, therefore, laws were written down to handle similar cases similarly.
- Explains that magna carta (1215) and parliament grew in power because monarchs need money.
- Explains locke's concept of natural rights and the social contract between people and gov't, citing montesquieu and rousseau.
- Explains that mercantilism helped strengthen treasury and build military, and colonies got protection. the house of burgesses (1619) instructed colonies to setup their own assembly.
- Describes the bicamercal legislature, the colonial council, and the french and indian war.
- Analyzes how tg-all men are created equal, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. people made gov’t and they could abolish it.
- Analyzes the postives of ac-gov’t waged successful war and peace-us got nw territory.
Related
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- Explains that the chancery became a joke and parliament came to view it as necessary for matters of will and divorce to be referred to new civil courts instead of the church.
- Explains that prompt trials weren't guaranteed and often those accused of crimes had to stay in jail for months before a sentence was made. the trial itself was quick.
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- Explains that as more criminals were convicted and less hung, a new system of punishment was put into use: the penitentiary.
- Explains pool, daniel, what jane austen ate and charles dickens knew, new york: simon & schuster, 1993.
- Explains that at the beginning of the 19th century there were 3 types of law in england: -common law: the "law of land" (pool 127), which was built up over many centuries
- Explains that to become a barrister one had to go to certain number of dinners at the inns of court for 3 years.
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753 wordsRead More - The Rule of Lawopinion essayThe Rule of Law The Magna Carta 1215 and the Bill of Rights 1688 were attempts made by
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- Explains the purpose of the rule of law is to remove the state and all others.
- Opines only those who know the law of the realm and mean to observe it well.
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- Explains that the stamp act was a way to generate revenue to pay british military, but due to the amount of money generated it was used for many other purposes.
- Explains that colonists were like england's rebel child that had a leach way too long, and, once they started pulling at it, conflict rose.
- Analyzes how parliaments' irrationality in creating this act sparked in colonists the desire for freedom and created an unstoppable chain of events.
- Analyzes how the colonists felt that they were being taken advantage of by the british government. parliament outsmarted them because of their lack of education and need for information.
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609 wordsRead More - Turbulence in Politics and Government: Absolute Monarchyanalytical essayDuring the rule of Charles I, his decision to outright ignore the Parliament turned him into a controversial figure. Moreover, his marriage to a Roman Catholic princess during a time of turbulence between the Protestants and Catholics (with England being predominantly Protestant) further contributed to his controversies1. The Parliament, albeit limited in power, acquired de facto power in previous centuries, making them a significant group in the kingdoms. Due to their power, the king could only adjust taxations with their approval. During the Thirty Years War, Charles I desired to intervene, which would require heavy taxation in order to make up for foreign expenditure. His decision to appoint an unpopular Duke as a commander of the English army led to further hostility and criticism from the Parliament, that were deemed as the voice of a society1. In backlash, Charles I dissolved the Parliament and assembled another, which unfortunately for him, created the Petition of Rights that he was forced to sign2. The Petition of Rights “sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing”3, which includes restrictions on taxation without P...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how human ambitions contrast the notion of social harmony, as evident in historical examples of absolute monarchy. tyrants led onslaughts on denizens, fueled by their will to power.
- Analyzes how charles i's decision to ignore the parliament and his marriage to a roman catholic princess contributed to his controversies.
- Explains how france's aristocracy, church, and spokespersons met in the estate general to discuss the economic crisis and possible solutions. the bloody war led to the execution of the french king and other royalties.
- Analyzes how the development of new philosophies and advances in science led to significant political changes, such as the age of enlightenment.
- Concludes that misuse of absolute monarchy leads to vicious cycles. turbulence in politics and the government led to the development of new philosophies, which eventually replaced broken ones that favored monarchies.
952 wordsRead More - What was Behind the Revolutionary Waranalytical essayFirst and foremost, “No taxation without representation” is one of the largest leading causes of the American Revolution and the colonists wanting their independence from Britian. This was based on the simple fact that they had been denied their “rights of Englishmen”, primarly the right to be taxed by their own representatives and not the British Parliament. Many colonists believed that, if they were not directly represented in the British Parliament, any laws the British passed taxing them were considered illegal and were in violation of the colonies and its’ citizens rights based on the Bill of Rights passed in 1689. Parliament actually intended that the colonists would find interests in having a “virtual represention”, but that idea found very little support from the colonies because they still felt that they were not represented in governmental actions by the British, the colonies insisted on direct representation as opposed to virtual. Many thought that the phrase “virtual repr...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the loyalists were subjected to public humilation in front of massive crowds with harsh punishments. the patriots of the thirteen colonies controlled the public discourse.
- Explains that no taxation without representation was one of the largest leading causes of american revolution and the colonists wanting their independence from britian.
- Explains that the stamp act effected everyone in the colonies even the colonists who remained loyal to king eventhough it was imposed by the british.
- Analyzes how the loyalists disagreed with one third of the population, the patriots, and argued that the colonies would benefit from keeping a mutual relationship with britian.
- Explains that the loyalists had a strong argument as to why they should be able to retain the colonies under british rule, but the patriots rebelled due to the various factors that caused them to want their independence.
- Explains that no part of his majesty's dominions can be taxed without their consent. without representation in the british parliament, colonists felt that the taxes were getting out of hand.
- Explains that the stamp act imposed on the colonies by the parliament is an ill-judged measure.
1226 wordsRead More - Ancient Greeceexplanatory essayAncient Greece This paper tells you about the Golden Age of Greece, which is from 500 to 350 BC. It tells about what Greeks did, who they worshipped, and other important things. The thing the Greeks are best known for, is their gods, and stories about them.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the golden age of greece, which is from 500 to 350 bc. the greeks are best known for their gods, and stories about them.
- Describes the gods of zeus, hera, apollo, poseidon, loki, and dionysus.
- Explains that the greeks made sacrifices to the gods, so that they would honor them, and help them in times of trouble.
- Explains that the greeks had lots of heroes, who were like role models for their children. hercules was the strongest man ever, and destroyed many monsters with his strength.
- Explains that the greeks are known for their creativity and knowledge in arts, such as making sculptures, music, and paintings.
- Explains that the greeks had a kitchen, eating nook, and bedroom, while the poor had stone floors and family heirlooms for decorations.
- Explains that the greeks had a lot of jobs that people could do, such as shoe making, blacksmithing, pottery, doctors, actors, teaching, soldiers, fish mongers, and architecture.
- Explains that the greeks thought that education was very important, so they sent their sons to school at age 8. they quit school when they were 14 and learned music, math, and writing.
- Explains how the greeks left their slaves for any work they didn't want to do, such as housework, building buildings, harvest crops, and row ships.
- Explains that greeks loved entertainment. they went to music performances, singing, sports events, and plays. for plays, the actors were greek men who liked acting.
- Explains greece's cities had a particular layout. the agora was the public well, temples, and other important buildings.
- Explains that greeks had many laws, such as voting, elections, and killing tyrants. war was fought by brave, courageous and strong young men.
- Explains that women had very few rights in greek society. they could not vote, compete in sports events, or act in plays. the greeks loved to be clean.
- Describes plato as a greek philosopher who figured out that all the planets revolved around the sun, and not the earth. he died in his 70's.
- Explains that the greek civilization was a lot like ours. they had the same type of government, jobs, homes, schools, and other things.
1085 wordsRead More - Athens and Spartaexplanatory essayGreece consisted of many city-states, two of which were Athens and Sparta. Although they were both part of Greece, they had many differences in the types of people and systems of government for each region.
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- Explains that greece consisted of many city-states, two of which were athens and sparta. they had many differences in the types of people and systems of government for each region.
- Explains that sparta, descendants of the dorians, were a war-like city-state. they obtained an over-populated region of greece, and needed room for agriculture.
- Explains that the athenians were peaceful tribes with a military structure based on social or economic status, with the wealthiest being the leaders and the least wealthy being foot soldiers.
411 wordsRead More - Magna Carta Government Vs Governmentexplanatory essayGovernment is based on a contract between the ruler and people to be ruled. Government by contract also includes the idea that if either side breaks the contract, that contract is no longer valid. Both government and the governed must obey the law. This is called the rule of law. The law limits the powers of government. The king could not take away the property of a noble without following agreed-upon procedures and rules. The Magna Carta expresses the idea of limited government by requiring the king to govern according to established rules of law. The Magna Carta was a contract between the king and the nobility. Most of the people in England were not a part of this agreement. But the Magna Carta is an early step leading to the idea that government
In this essay, the author
- Explains that government is based on a contract between the ruler and people to be ruled. the magna carta expresses the idea of limited government by requiring the king to govern according to established rules.
- Explains that the english bill of rights gave certain rights to parliament that further limited the powers of the monarch.
441 wordsRead More - Evolution of the US Constitutionexplanatory essayMagna Carta 1215: King John put his seal on the Magna Carta at Runnymede, England, a document that granted certain rights and privileges to his barons and provided a model for later bills of rights (digitalhistory.uh.edu/). During this time, King John seemed to be exercising power to achieve his own selfish agenda. He was taxing the wealthy barons to support war against France (encyclopedia.com). The barons and the other occupants of England were clearly not in support of the war or funding it for that matter. Another issue that Magna Carta addresses is found within Chapter 39: No free man shall be arrested or imprisoned or disseized [property taken] or outlawed or exiled or in any way victimized, neither will we attack him or send anyone to attack him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land (encyclopedia.com). Some have interpreted this provision to mean that Magna Carta guaranteed to freemen the right to a trial by jury (www.crf-usa.org). However, the i...
In this essay, the author
- Describes the mayflower compact 1620, a plan for self-governing colony. puritans wanted to break free from the roman catholic church and create their own congregations.
- Explains that the declaration of independence was a statement in which the thirteen colonies justified their separation for great britain.
- Cites magna carta, cornersone of the us constitution, in national endowment for the humanities.
- Explains that several drafted documents before 1787 helped shape america into the country that we have today as far as justice system, responsibility of government, and equality of rights.
- Explains that the first constitution of the united states of america, the articles of confederation, was written with the constitution already in place.
- Explains the story of king john and magna carta, declaration of independence, articles of confederation and federalist papers.
1319 wordsRead More - Romeopinion essayOccultists the world over believe that, once a symbol is created, it acquires power of its own, and more power is generated when such symbol(s) are created without the profane [uninitiated] knowing about it. And, the greatest power of all is created in the symbol(s) if the uninitiated NEVER discover that the symbol exists. In this article, we shall demonstrate positive proofs of conspiracy to achieve the ends of Freemasonry, i.e., achieving the New World Order. And, these proofs exist right under your eyes, in Washington, D.C., the Capital district. Prepare for the unexpected.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that luciferic symbols are depicted by the cunningly laid out symbols.
- Opines that before we begin our discussion of this washington, d.c. map, let us lay some important ground rules.
- Explains doc underwent special training in the illuminist secret society as part of his training.
- Opines that this occultic street design was inspired by america.
- Analyzes how the plan for a new world order is deliberately conceived.
- Defines an occultic magical symbol as an image which hides an inner meaning.
- Opines that the luciferic book is so important, we need to repeat it. an occultic magical symbol is cited.
- Explains that audacity means something so shocking and so far out, it is to summary.
- Opines that they have evil in their hearts toward the very people they are leading.
- Explains why our study today is so critical; it demonstrates, beyond a shadow of doubt, that.
- Opines that fully carried out, will mean the destruction of our nation as we know it today.
- Analyzes how symbols take on a life of their own, in the mind of anyone who is not an occultist.
- Analyzes how the three upper points of the pentagram, unmistakably shows that lucifer is planned to be
- Describes the circles which comprise the points of the pentagram.
- Explains why the masonic architect chose to use circles as four of the points of reference.
- Explains that the center was planned to be ruled by satan, and the goathead pentagram was placed so.
- Opines that occultists planned for the white house to be controlled by lucifer.
- Opines that once they understand what the new world order really is, and how it is being gradually implemented, they will be able to see it.
- Explains that occult leaders in europe were told by their familiar spirits as early as the 1740s that the new american continent was to assume global leadership of the drive to the new world order.
- Opines that you will need to have your maps of washington, d.c., opened in front of you as we proceed through this discussion.
- Explains that doc marquee, a born-again christian, was in charge of several satanic covens west and north of boston. he was invited to become an illuminist.
- Explains that doc and other illuminists were shown this street design with the express purpose of demonstrating that they were on the winning side in this drive to the new world order.
- Opines that royalty believes that their leaders have their country's best interests at heart. some leaders may be incompetent and others may commit errors, but people take solace in their belief that most leaders most of the time.
- Explains that symbols, once they are hidden, are thought to possess great power. the snake basilisk is said to have the power to destroy all upon whom it looks.
- Explains that dupont circle, logan circle and scott circle form the top three points of the devil's goathead of mendes.
- Analyzes how the fifth point in the goathead pentagram represents the spirit of lucifer and the white house.
- Explains that there is a 666 evident in the most important top three circles of the goathead, dupont, scott, and logan circle. this type of encoding is so typical of an occultist.
- Opines that mt. vernon square is the only point which is not a circle.
- Explains that the circle is the most important unit in magic symbolism. it is intended to denote spirit, or spiritual forces.
- Explains the symbolism of the circle in occultic thought. the circle represents the sun, spiritual light, and the all-seeing eye.
- Explains that the architect had a problem with the triangle at the far right, because he chose the square as the anchor point; the solution was to place thomas circle at one of the points, thus giving that triangle an all-seeing eye.
- Opines that the white house is the precise point where the two lines formed by connecticut avenue flowing from.
2129 wordsRead More