INTRODUCTION:-
In the Mining Industry an average of 3 deaths of workers are occurring when the haulage equipment is collided with a small vehicles or the workers working on foot. Apart from these collisions there is an average of 3 deaths an year when the heavy vehicles are tripping of the edge. The reason for both these is because of not knowing the exact position of the vehicle. Apart from avoiding these accidents there has to be some system that will analyse the performance of the vehicles. Keeping all these views in view there is a great essentiality or need for an equipment that can give the warning to the operator of heavy equipment or driver of the vehicle about the position of the vehicle when there is any potential hazard is about to happen and save life’s of workers, thus improving the efficiency of the mine.
Literature Review:
Global Positioning System (GPS):
Global positioning system famously called GPS, is a space based satellite navigational system. GPS provides the positioning and the time information in any given weather condition when there is a unobstructed light of sight to at least 4 GPS satellites. These GPS systems provide its services in military, airlines and commercial uses. It has been emerged as a problem solver to the limitations of the previous navigational system. It actually runs with 24 satellites. Its uses fully came into existence since 1995.
Basic concept of GPS:
The GPS system calculates the position by precisely timing the signal sent by GPS satellites above the earth surface. Each satellite continuously sends the message including
i) The time at which the message has be...
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....org/wiki/GLONASS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolite http://www.acarp.com.au/abstracts.aspx?repId=C3049
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Tracking http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/pcism.pdf http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1324/MR1324.ch4.pdf http://cast.uark.edu/home/research/environmental-studies/lulc-change-in-carroll-county/literature-review.html http://www.uea.com.au/civil-mining/surface-mining/gpsmining/ http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/companies/securatrak-gps-fleet-management http://infohost.nmt.edu/~mreece/gps/applications.html http://technology.infomine.com/reviews/GPS/welcome.asp?view=full http://ravtrack.com/mining-equipment http://www.mining.com/tag/gps/
The Location class[4] is a data class that represents a geographic location. It can consist of a longitude, latitude, timestamp, bearing, altitude, and velocity. The LocationManager[5] class provides access to the system location services. These services allow applications to obtain periodic updates of the device's geographical location. LocationListener[6] is an interface Used for receiving notifications from the LocationManager when the location has changed. These methods are called if the LocationListener has been registered with the location manager service using the requestLocationUpdates(String provider, long minTime, float minDistance, LocationListener listener) method. The provider parameter is the name of the provider with which to register. There are two different providers offered, the GPS or network provider. In my application I use the GPS provider which determines the location using satellites. The minTime is minimum time interval between location updates, in milliseconds, the minDistance is the minimum distance between location updates in meters, and the listener parameter is the LocationListener whose onLocationChanged(Location) method will be called for each location
Imagine that your car could detect hazardous roads before you could sense it? A feature that provides this type of protective driving exists within European cars. This valuable safety feature that is offered in European cars i...
...and it may be helpful, but the analysis has not revealed it yet. A speed and curve warning is a different system that uses someone’s GPS. The current GPS system might offer a warning feature if someone will go over the speed limit. More significant examples of GPS based automobile technology are just around the turn. Already being tested in different countries that Europe is the built-in Intelligent Speed Adaptation, which subjects speeding alerts and can also make it harder to press further down on the accelerator or it can even automatically stop the automobile. Taking curves too careless, another common cause of accidents is also the focus of warning device research and field testing. Such a device would warn someone to slow down when a sharp curve coming before it is too late. It is another request of GPS technology that could improve the safety of the driver.
Sudden car accidents have become one of the major problems that various stakeholders in the automobile industry continue to experience. The severity of this problem is evident in the frequency of sudden car accidents, injuries, and the number of deaths that occur. Actually, sudden car accidents take place on a daily and regular basis to an extent that they cause significant harm to victims and their families. Some of these accidents are attributed to the behaviors of drivers and passengers who believe they will never get involved in car accidents. As a result, these people drive while drunk, don’t wear seat belts, and use cell phones while driving. However, sudden car accidents are also attributed to several different reasons that need to be addressed in order to lessen their frequency and impact. One of the major factors contributing to sudden car accidents is car braking problems, especially difficulties for drivers to identify the car brake strength. Consequently, there is need to design a product that limit car accidents through providing information regarding the strength of the car brake.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
Nowadays, along with the development and increase of economical level, the automobile has become an essential and important transport. Also, it leads to another problem: traffic accident. Over the last century, there were more crashes in U.S than the number of the wars that Americans have been through. Therefore, people started to notice that they need the automobile safety to protect themselves. Over the last 100 years, the automobile safety has changed a lot to give out the best protection that we’re using today. Below are 3 major features: safety glass, air bag and seat belt.
The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system that provides a user with proper equipment access to positioning information. The most commonly used approaches for GPS positioning are the Iterative Least Square (ILS) and the Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. Both of them are based on psuedorange equation:
with a digital map, who shows the position of the car. Based on the position of
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
GPS is a navigational aid that is satellite based. It is made up of a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the world. The first satellite was launched in 1978 and the last was put into orbit in 1994. Every 10 years another satellite is put into orbit because each satellite is made to last that amount of time. The system began as a military application but in the 1980’s the government decided to make it available to everyone, anywhere, anytime. The system finds your position by measuring the time it takes to receive the signal back to the satellite. It then does that with other satellites to triangulate your position in relation to the earth. To calculate a position in 2D the system has to be locked on to at least three satellites, but for a 3D representation you need to be locked on to at least 4 satellites. Once the position is found the GPS can calculate much more info like speed, bearing, track, distance, etc… The GPS system is very accurate; Garmin (a leader in GPS technology) states that their newest receiver is accurate up to an average of 15 meters.
The word geography comes from the word geographia, which means “to describe earth.” Geography is the study of the dispersal and interaction of physical and human characteristics of the earth. Geographers view the world by looking at the use of space and the interactions that take place in earth. They look at patterns and connections between people and the land. Physical geography is the most recognisable and it is an important part of this study. Geographers study the world by looking at a location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. They also use a variety of tools, such as: globes, maps, GIS, satellites and GPS to aid them. Geography is really important because it studies different aspects, uses interesting tools
The lines of longitude are the lines across the world, which are for each time zone in the world for each hour in the day meaning there are 24 lines of longitude. They travel across the northern and the southern hemisphere. They can affect a traveller because the time zones may be different and they would differ from the British time zone and therefore they could arrive at the country a few hours later or earlier according to where it is located, for example arriving at India at 02:00pm GMT would mean the time in India would be +5 hours to GMT so the time would be 07:30pm
The Global Positioning System, more commonly called the GPS is a satellite based system that provides navigation for almost everything from cell phones to automobiles. This wonderful technology is very vital in today’s economy because of its prominence in banking, financial markets, power grids, farming, construction and so much more. It also protects human life by preventing accidents, helping in search and rescue missions and is critical to nearly every facet of military operations. There are three segments that make up the global positioning system: the space segment, the control segment and the user segment. The segment we are familiar with is the user segment. The user segment is what receives GPS signals, determines the distance between a satellite and a receiver and solves the navigation equations, all in order to obtain the coordinates of a specific place. The space segment consists of 31 satellites but there is an availability of at least 24 satellites that are approximately 6 000-12 000 miles above the earth.
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.