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aristotle on tragedy and comedy
aristotle on tragedy and comedy
aristotle on tragedy and comedy
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To Deconstruct Comedy
Following Aristotle, writers and reviewers have elaborated on the short exposition of The Poetics taking different approaches. For Aristotle, a comedy has these features: it is the performance of a low level action which has magnitude; it is presented in a dramatic manner and is not narrated; it is presented by indicative language and different kinds of linguistic in the various parts of plot (Golden, 1984, p. 288). Regardless of these statements, Prescott (1929) suggests:
Aristotle represented ἄγνιοα the basis of the tragic plot… Similarly the commentary of Donatus explains the plot of comedy as depending upon mental error… [but] The only striking divergence is the absence of περιπέτεια in the technical terminology of the commentary; a reversal of action… It may of course be objected that if such a theory is rightly reconstructed from the scattered comments it may well be only a transference to comedy… history of literary criticism in ancient times often illustrates the way in which a theory, applicable to one literary type or period, is unwisely extended to cover another type or period. So, for instance, a plausible theory that described Old Comedy… unwisely extended to New Comedy... (p. 40)
The issues highlighted by Prescott in fact emphasize that each group of artistic pieces in any historical period can be analyzed, accurately, by examining their contemporary epistemic or aesthetical discourses. This fact is debated by Heath in Aristotelian Comedy as he argues that the contents of comedy should be turned from the ethical norms of routine social conventions. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the universal ethics in Aristotelian sense of a comic plot, and universal ethics if such a thing...
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...theory of comedy’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 327-332, Wiley.
Prescott, Henry W. (1929). ‘The comedy of errors’, Classical Philology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 32-41, The University of Chicago Press.
Scruggs, Charles. (2004). ‘“The Power of Blackness”: Film noir and its critics’, American Literary History, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 675-687. Oxford University Press.
Solomon, Stanley J. (1974).‘Film study and genre courses’, College Composition and Communication, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 277-283.National Council of Teachers of English.
Warshow, Paul. (1977). ‘More is less: Comedy and sound’, Film Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 38-45, University of California Press.
Williams, Robert I. (1988). ‘Perceptual play and teaching the aesthetics of comedy: A Paradigm’, Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 15-33, University of Illinois Press.
Braudy, Leo and Marshall Cohen, eds. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, Fifth Edition. New York: Oxford UP, 1999.
Aside from all the prodigious number of Greek tragedies in history, stands a collection of Greek comedies which serve as humorous relief from the powerful overtone of the tragedy. These comedies were meant to ease the severity and seriousness sometimes associated with the Greek society. The ideas portrayed in the comedies, compared to the tragedies, were ridiculously far-fetched; however, although abnormal, these views are certainly worthy of attention. Throughout his comedy, The Clouds, Aristophanes, along with his frequent use of toilet humor, ridicules aspects of Greek culture when he destroys tradition by denouncing the importance of the gods' influence on the actions of mortals, and he unknowingly parallels Greek society with today's. Aristophanes also defiantly misrepresents an icon like Socrates as comical, atheistic, and consumed by ideas of self interest, which is contradictory to the Socrates seen in Plato's Apology or Phaedo.
According to Aristotle, “Comedy can be any colloquy or performance generally intended to amuse or stimulate laughter”. In modern times, comedy can be found in different forms, such as television, movies, theatres and stand-up comedy.
Bell, Robert. “The Anatomy of Folly in Shakespeare’s Henriad.” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 14. 2 (2001): 181-201. Print.
Kracauer, Siegfried. “Basic Concepts,” from Theory of Film. In Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, Seventh Edition, edited by Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen, 147–58. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Williams, Linda. "Film Bodies: Genre, Gender and Excess." Braudy and Cohen (1991 / 2004): 727-41. Print.
Lewis, J. (2008). American Film: A History. New York, NY. W.W. Norton and Co. Inc. (p. 405,406,502).
Barsam, Richard. Looking at Movies An Introduction to Film, Second Edition (Set with DVD). New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. Print.
Myers, H. A. (1949). Aristotle's study of tragedy. Educational Theatre Journal, 1(2), 115. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1290192594?accountid=12085
Lacey, N. (2005). Film Language. Introduction to film (pp. 16-22). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Muir, Kenneth. "Comedic Relief." Bloom's Guides. Ed. Jaynce Marson. Broomall: Chelsea House, 2004. 46-47. Print.
Phillips, Gene D. Conrad and Cinema: The Art of Adaptation. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1995.
Gunning, Tom 2000, “The Cinema of Attraction: Early film, its spectator, and the avant-garde.” Film and theory: An anthology, Robert Stam & Toby Miller, Blackwell, pp 229-235.
...s fully developed in the pieces we considered from Thurber and Keillor, but leaves its mark on Benchley and Barry’s work. With each of these two authors, we get the sense that there is some relief to be found in identifying with the object of humor and continuing to laugh, a possibility not allowed for by Bergson. Clearly, “Laughter” is a thorough work, covering most aspects of humor in meticulous detail. It is not, however, comprehensive, and as we originally stated, it fails at times to make the crucial distinction between relief and superiority as motivations for laughter. Of course, either way we’re laughing, so one wonders whether it’s really worth all the bother of ascertaining precisely why. Bergson evidently found it worth the trouble, and with some exceptions, his treatise on the subject continues to provide illumination for the modern reader of humor.
The term ‘comedy of menace’ is applied to a group of plays in which comedy is intertwined with elements of tragedy. The term was first used by David Campton as a subtitle of one of his plays, The Lunatic View: A Comedy of Menace. Though both comedy and tragedy are based on incongruities and contradictions, the driving force in comedy is humour and the driving force in tragedy is horror and menace. In comedy the humour is generated through dramatic techniques such as divergences, repetitiveness, surprise, illogical events and statements that often lead to outcomes which are quite contrary to what the audience expect and thereby cause laughter and amusement. In comedy of menace, two contradictory