Introduction
Plane crashes occur for a number of reasons. There seems to be a consensus with the general public that flying is dangerous, engines fail and planes crash. That is true some times, although the majority of plane crashes occur largely due to a combination of human error and mechanical failure. In much of aviations accidents mechanical failure has been a contributing factor. It is impossible however to blame plane crashes on one reason since events leading up to an accident are so varied. Reasoning for plane crashes can be placed in a broad number of categories.
Environmental conditions play a vital part in aviation as a whole. Much planning goes into a flight based on the current and forecast weather conditions for safety reasons. Accidents have occurred due to flying in bad weather such as thunderstorms with low level wind sheer, lightning, hale, icing conditions and poor visibility. Poor weather especially icing can be very dangerous to flight but most accidents can be avoided if the right precautions are taken to avoid potential bad weather situations. I will take a closer look at icing conditions on aircraft and give examples of icing related accidents
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Icing, or ice buildup on the wings, is a particular problem for aircraft. When ice builds up on wings, it can disrupt airflow, robbing an airplane of lift and can decrease its angle of attack, which keeps it in the air.
Wind tunnel and flight tests have shown that frost, snow, and ice accumulations (on the leading edge or upper surface of the wing) no thicker or rougher than a piece of coarse sandpaper can reduce lift by 30 percent and increase drag up to 40 percent. Larger accretions can reduce lift even more and can increase drag by 80 percent or more. (AOPA, 2002, 2).
Deicing equipment is installed on most transports today, however much is still to be learned about icing. Nature can create conditions, which exceed those test conditions, and even aircraft certified to operate in icing conditions are not guaranteed to be able to cope with all conditions. There have been several accidents due to the build up of ice on the wings. Air Florida’s Flight 90 and American Eagle Flight 4184 offer prime examples of icing related crashes.
On January 13, 1982 an Air Florida 737 crashed into the Potomac River in Washington D.C. when the crew forgot to turn on ...
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...ing dangerous icing conditions. Flight is an amazing science that will only get safer as time goes on.
Bibliography
Peaford, A. (2002, July 26). IceHawk Gives Clear Picture to Potential Icing Problems. Flight Daily News. Retrieved February 18, 2005 from http://www.flightdailynews.com/farnborough2002/07_26/hall/icehawk.shtm
AOPA Air Safety Foundation. (2002, November 11). Aircraft Icing. Retrieved February 19, 2005 from http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/sa11.pdf
Kilroy, C. (n.d.). Special Report: Air Florida Flight 90. Retrieved February 15, 2005 from http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-af90.shtml
Potapczuk, M. (n.d.). Aircraft Icing. Retrieved February 18, 2005, from Research Associateship Program website: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/PGA/rap.nsf/ByTitle/44.54.44.B1317?OpenDocument
Krock, L. (2004). Crash of Flight 111: Making Air Travel Safer. Retrieved February 17, 2005 from PBS, Nova Online website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aircrash/safer.html
Holzapfel, E. (2000). The Fight Against Ice. Flight Safety Australia, p.37. Retrieved February 19, 2005, from CASA database from http://www.casa.gov.au/avreg/fsa/download/00sep/FSA37.pdf
The simplest answer is that the antifreeze doesn’t allow the icefish’s blood to freeze in the cold temperature hence the name
"Are We Safer in the Air Since 9/11?" FareCompare. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
The Colgan Air Flight 3407 was a very interesting case to look at. On February 12, 2009, at 10:17 pm, flight 3407 crashed at a house in New York after the pilots experience a stall. Flight 3407 was scheduled to fly from Newark, New Jersey to Buffalo, New York. The NTSB reported the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) revealed some discrepancies both pilots were experience. The first officer did not have any experience with icing condition but icing was one of the reasons the plane went into a stall. On the other hand, the captain had some experience flying in icing condition. The captain was experiencing fatigue, which indeed, made him unfit to recover from a stall. With that in mind, the Human Factor Analysis Classification System (HFACS) will give insight of some errors both pilots made.
The term snow is usually restricted to material that fall during precipitation in the form of small white ice crystals formed directly from the water vapour of the air at a temperature of less than 0°C and has not changed much since it fell. A fall of snow on a glacier surface is the first step in the formation of glacier ice, a process that is often long and complex (Cuffey and Paterson, 2010). The transformation of snow to ice occurs in the top layers of the glaciers and the time of the transformation depends mostly on the temperature. Snow develops into ice much more rapidly on Temperate glaciers, where periods of melting alternate with periods when wet snow refreezes, than in Polar glaciers, where the temperature remains well below the freezing point throughout the year. The density of new snow as it falls on glacier surface depends mostly on the weather conditions. In clam conditions, the density of new snow is ρs ≈ 50 – 70 kg m-3 (Table 1.1). If it is windy, there is breaking of the corners of snowflakes, and the density is more like ρs ≈ 100 kg m-3. After the snow has fallen on the surface, there are three processes that are all active together and work to transform the snow to ice.
Safety is a primary concern in the health care environment, but there are still many preventable errors that occur. In fact, a study from ProPublica in 2013 found that between 210,000 and 440,000 patients each year suffer preventable harm in the hospital (Allen, 2013). Safety in the healthcare environment is not only keeping the patient safe, but also the employee. If a nurse does not follow procedure, they could bring harm to themselves, the patient, or both. Although it seems like such a simple topic with a simple solution, there are several components to what safety really entails. Health care professionals must always be cautious to prevent any mishaps to their patients, especially when using machines or lifting objects, as it has a higher
In conclusion, many contribution factors led to the Crossair flight 3597 crash but is mainly triggered by Crossair’s incapability of assessment, pilot error and lastly the air traffic controller. Analysis of a flight crash is important so that we will know the causes, thus being able tackle it, making sure that there are no other flight crashes like Crossair flight 3597.
On January 22, 1973 the court issued its opinion with a 7-2 majority voting to strike down the Texas law. State laws outlawing abortion were set aside by the court, permitting abortions during the first three months of pregnancy and setting standards for regulations after that time to safeguard the women's health. The Supreme Court declared all but the least restrictive state statues unconstitutional. Noting that early abortions had become safer than childbirth and reasoning that the word "person" in the constitution "does not include the unborn." The Court
I believe Roe and Dr. Hallford had valid arguments to be considered. Roe fought for what she believed to be her basic human rights, and Dr. Hallford fought the unclarified law that could have potentially ruined his life. The Doe’s, however, did not have a sufficient enough stance to have taken the issue to court, considering Mrs. Doe was not even pregnant yet. The court’s final verdict, claiming that the Texas criminal abortion statutes were unconstitutional, I agree with as well. This case was a huge turning point in the United States. It took away state’s rights to make decisions on abortion for the first trimester. This law helps insure the protection of people’s privacy and safety. By making abortions legal, the U.S. Supreme Court lowered the amount of unsafe abortions done by uncertified doctors. PlannedParenthood.org states that in 1965, 17 percent of all pregnancy related deaths were caused by illegal abortions. Below 0.3 women today who undergo an abortion procedure during any gestational phase in the pregnancy require urgent hospital attention. “And the risk of death associated with childbirth is about 14 times as high as that associated with abortion (Raymond & Grimes, 2012).” “Among women undergoing legal first-trimester abortion procedures, the percentage sustaining serious complications drops to 0.05 percent (Weitz et al., 2013).” Whether abortion is legal or not, there are enough women who would still have them that makes it worth going ahead and insuring their safety instead of pretending like it is not going to happen. Not only does abortion keep women safer, but it has also given women more opportunities to pursue their careers or further their education. Roe v Wade gave women independence over their reproductive lives ("ROE V. WADE: ITS HISTORY AND IMPACT"). It is not the government’s place to get involved in that intimate part of a person’s
Polar ice is sea ice created from the freezing of sea water, ice sheets and glaciers. These in turn are formed from the build up and compaction of fallen snow. Both the ice sheets and glaciers cover vast areas of the Polar Regions. This polar ice is hugely important to our globe and takes up a large part of it. Global sea-ice coverage averages about 25 million kilometers square; this is the area of the entire North America continent. The ice sheets, which cover the land, with the glaciers cover about 15 million kilometers square; this is almost 10% of the Earth’s land area, with the majority on Antarctica (Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 2013).
...e ultimately saved that flight. Before getting back into the plane, he could have taken a moment to walk around and look at how the snow was affecting the wings. He would have seen that snow was collecting on the surface and could have made a decision to have the plane de-iced and had a coat of anti-ice on. They could have been more patient with the plow truck. Gave the plow truck more time to clear the runway then get off. Then he would have never had to turn off the engine bleeds to obtain a shorter take off distance. The pilot could have made a decision to hold off on the departure till the weather got better. With the ceiling at 900 feet and visibility at 1 ¼ doesn’t offer much room for error. I feel as if the pilots had made a decision to change at least one of these things, the plane would have never crashed. It is a good learning experience for other pilots.
In 1970, a pregnant woman under the alias Jane Roe challenged the state of Texas for denying her an abortion based on the Texas law stating that abortions could only occur if the mother’s life was at stake. This began the infamous case of Roe v. Wade. After much debate the jury finally decided on the verdict, which affirmed that states could not prohibit first or second trimester abortions and could not prohibit third trimester abortions if having the baby could be “harmful to the woman’s health.” Some of the situations the court believed to be “harmful” were: “stigma of unwed motherhood,” “distress associated with the unwanted child,” and “the...
In the year March 1970, a woman dubbed Jane Roe took federal action against Texas abortion laws. These laws prevented Roe from terminating her pregnancy because abortions were only allowed in the scenario that the fetus was harming the life of the mother (Rosenbaum 63). Because Roe wasn’t in any way harmed by her pregnancy, she could not get an abortion. “Roe believed that TX statutes were unconstitutionally vague and that they abridged her right of personal privacy, protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments” (Rosenbaum 64). She wanted an abortion done professionally in a clean and safe environment (Rosenbaum 63). Women before the legalization of abortion would resort to unsafe methods to terminate their baby (Tribe 113).
Prowell, B. D., & Franklin, A. G. (1995). Evaluation of cold mixes for winter pothole repair. Charlottesville, Va.: Virginia Transportation Research Council.
Keeping patients safe is essential in today’s health care system, but patient safety events that violate that safety are increasing each year. It was only recently, that the focus on patient safety was reinforced by a report prepared by Institute of medicine (IOM) entitled ” To err is human, building a safer health system”(Wakefield & Iliffe,2002).This report found that approx-imately 44,000 to 98,000 deaths occur each year due to medical errors and that the majority was preventable. Deaths due to medical errors exceed deaths due to many other causes such as like HIV infections, breast cancer and even traffic accidents (Wakefield & Iliffe, 2002). After this IOM reports, President Clinton established quality interagency coordination task force with the help of government agencies. These government agencies are responsible for making health pol-icies regarding patient safety to which every HCO must follow (Schulman & Kim, 2000).
Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/CryoFAQ.html#_VD_.