1. Identify the 10 primary and 10 secondary structures on the Boeing 767 cutaway provided. Explain what type of loading it experiences (tension, compression, bending, and torsion).
The plane tends to go through different stresses, some of them being tension, compression, torsion, shear, and bending. The fuselage for instance is always supporting a load, but this changes depending on if it is in flight or on the ground [1]. The cabin pressure exerts hoop stresses [1]. The forces going up and down during flight provoke the bending moments [1]. When the plane is on the ground there is no cabin pressure and therefore the weight of the plane is solely resting on the landing gear instead of the lift on the wings [1].
The wings produce lift, which in result produces a shear force and bending moment and are at the highest point where the wings are closest to the fuselage [3]. The engines also put the fuselage and wings through loads, but having them on the wings help lighten the loads because they are mounted where the wing typically experiences most of its bending [3]. Also, when the fuel load is positioned correctly is tends to have a smaller effect on the wing and therefore a smaller moment [3].
The tail of the plane, the rudder, and the ailerons help with the lift and at the same time they cause the fuselage to go through torsion. Because of the cylindrical shape of the fuselage it can bear the load of torsion very well [3]. The landing gear also promotes torsion on the fuselage because of the side loads it causes; another load the landing gear produces it when the plane initially hits the ground and the plane is held up by the landing gear [1].
Spars, being a main part of the wing, when in flight produce a bending moment. But when g...
... middle of paper ...
...systems under this design of the aircraft are only meant to go through a certain amount of cycles and at the end of the lifecycle it is designed for it will be replaced with a new one regardless of its current condition [4].
The Fail Safe Design is the ratio of the load carrying capability of the structure [4]. Loads may come in many different forms such as impact, static, fatigue, etcetera [4]. The material, stress levels, and multiple load paths need to be taken into consideration to know what kind of strength they will have when the plane has a crack or is damaged and is designed to last for as long as the aircraft is in service [4]. The Fail Safe Design is made in case certain systems fail the aircraft can shift the responsibility of those systems to others in the aircraft so that the plane can remain in flight and not need any type of emergency maintenance [4].
Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.
A connecting rod subjected to an axial load F may buckle with x-axis as neutral axis in the plane of motion of the connecting rod, {or} y-axis is a neutral axis. The connecting rod is considered like both ends hinged for buckling about x axis and both ends fixed for buckling about y-axis. A connecting rod should be equally strong in buckling about either axis [8].
Boeing Ltd. has initiated a project that will improve the design aircraft. This design will provide a safer and more comfortable flight. In conjunction with this project, Batchel...
Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report - The Planes - Popularmechanics.com. (n.d.). Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tips - Popularmechanics.com. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-planes
Flight Synopsis Flight KAL 801 was scheduled to fly from Kimpo Airport in Seoul, Korea to A.B. Won Guam International Airport in Agana, Guam. The flight crew had met earlier to discuss the flight release, weather conditions and fill out all necessary paperwork. On August 6th, 1997 at 9:27 PM the Boeing 747-300 departed Kimpo Airport for a three hour and fifty minute trip to Guam. The flight crew consisted of a captain, first officer and a flight engineer. The captain had several flight hours as a pilot in the Korea Air Force until Korean Air hired him in 1987.
First of all you will have to understand the principles of flight. An airplane flies because air moving over and under its surfaces, particularly its wings, travels at different velocities, producing a difference in air pressure, low above the wing and high below it. The low pressure exerts a pulling influence, and the high pressure a pushing influence. The lifting force, usually called lift, depends on the shape, area, and tilt of the wing, and on the speed of the aircraft. The shape of the wing causes the air streaming above and below the wing to travel at different velocities. The greater distance over which the air must travel above the curved upper surface forces that air to move faster to keep pace with the air moving along the flat lower surface. According to Bernoulli’s principle, it is this difference in air velocity that produces the difference in air pressure.
For a plane to create lift, its wings must create low pressure on top and high pressure on the bottom. However, at the tips of the wings, the high pressure pushes and the low pressure pulls air onto the top of the wing, reducing lift and creating a current flowing to the top. This current remains even after the wing has left the area, producing really awesome vortices.
Airplane wings generate lift to overcome the weight of the airplane and allow the airplane to fly. A rotating cylinder and a spinning ball also generate aerodynamic lift. Like the drag, the magnitude of the lift depends on several factors related to the conditions of the air and the object, and the velocity between the object and the air. For a spinning ball, the speed of rotation affects the magnitude of the aerodynamic force. The direction of the force is perpendicular to the axis of rotation as noted on the figure.
Now To talk about the forces that allow the car to move. There are two main aerodynamic forces acting on any object moving through the air. Lift is a force that acts 90° to the direction of travel of an object. Usually we think of lift when we think of an airplane. The plane travels forward (horizontally), and lift acts 90° to that motion of travel –
of any aircraft that is. These are just a few examples of the types of issues. you can think about, too.
Aerodynamics is the study of how gases interact with moving bodies (live science). In this case air is the gas and the airplane is the moving body. When something is aerodynamic air can flow around it easily. If something is aerodynamic there is no drag or as previously said no pull back force. All airplanes are mostly aerodynamic.
Flight uses four forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. In a nutshell; so to speak, an airplane must create enough lift to support its own weight. Secondly, the airplane must produce thrust to propel itself. Finally, the aircraft must overcome the drag or the force of resistance on the airplane that is moving through the air. All four of these forces are vital and necessary for an aircraft to move, takeoff, fly, and land.
Hovercrafts that are balanced typically float only about a few centimeters above the ground due to the weight distribution, and the amount of force needed to make the hovercraft hover. To make a hovercraft hover, the amount of force pushing off the ground needs to be only slightly more than the weight of the hovercraft in order to prevent flying.
A quadcopter can move in 6 different axes. Drag: a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of air ow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects. Drag opposes thrust and acts rearward parallel to the relative wind. Weight: the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage. Weight pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity. It opposes lift and acts vertically downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG). Lift: opposes the downward force of weight, is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flightpath through the center of lift. Thrust: generated by the rotation of the main rotor system. In a helicopter, thrust can be forward, rearward, sideward, or vertical. The resultant lift and thrust determines the direction of movement of the helicopter." Quadrotors work using a symmetrical design with the rotors located in each of the four corners. The rotors are fixed in their pitch with two of the rotors move clockwise
"The Basics Of Aircraft Maintenance."The Basics Of Aircraft Maintenance. SBI, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. .