Gyroscopes are apparatus used for the measurement or maintenance of orientation, established by the principles of angular momentum. Before they are utilized as measurement instruments, they are used as self-balancing spinning toys, which are also known as, tops [1]. Today, the predominant use of gyroscopes is navigation. They are commonly used as a navigation aid in the inertial navigation system (INS), as a rotation sensor. According to Wikipedia, “inertial navigation is a self-contained navigation technique in which measurements provided by accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to track the position and orientation of an object relative to a known starting point, orientation and velocity”. It is used in a comprehensive range of applications, such as navigation of aircraft, tactical and strategic missiles, spacecraft, submarines and ships. The gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the system in the inertial reference frame, in which the original orientation of the system is used as the initial condition. By integrating the angular velocity, the system's current orientation is known at all times [2]. A typical conventional gyroscope, like mechanical gyroscope measures orientation, instead of the angular velocity. The primary drawback of mechanical gyroscopes is that they consist of moving parts. Friction occurs due to the moving parts, which results in the output to drift over time. High-precision bearings and special lubricants are utilized to reduce friction, which increases the overall costs of the device. Besides, a few minutes are also required to warm up, which is not ideal in many circumstances [3]. Thus, modern gyroscopes that measure angular velocity are later introduced. Examples of the modern gyroscopes are micr... ... middle of paper ... ...ial resistance to movement. In addition, ring laser gyroscopes, which also use fiber optic cables, are also generally used as modern gyroscopes. Nonetheless, FOG still offers unique advantages over ring laser gyroscopes. For example, FOG is a true solid-state device, which has high reliability, long lifetime and is quick to start. Its sensitivity can be increased by adding more fiber wraps and no dithering is needed. Besides, it also tends itself to miniaturization [7]. Consequently, FOG has reached a level of practical use in navigation, guidance, control as well as stabilization of aircraft, missiles, automobiles and spacecraft, as shown in Fig. 1. Its performance and design requirements are adjusted to satisfy a wide range of applications such as route surveying and mapping, well logging, tactical missiles, smart bombs and satellite antenna stabilization [7].
Since the introduction of the fog/combination firefighting nozzle by Dr. Oyston Charles in the 1960 's, the discussion between the traditional smooth bore nozzle vs. fog/combination nozzle for fire attack has been ongoing and heated at times. My research has informed me that the debate between the smooth bore nozzle and fog nozzle has always and will continue to be openly controversial, particularly over the last two decades as the fire service has taken a deeper interest in firefighter safety and accident prevention. To date, my thesis statement is as follows: The benefits of the smooth bore nozzle make it a safer and more effective nozzle for direct fire attack compared to the fog or combination nozzle. This report will examine two sources that contain contrary perspectives to the above thesis statement.
Parnes & Nabi (2009) mentioned in their article that the vestibular system allows for vertebrates to detect spatial position as well as motion. Timothy & Hain (2009) further elaborated that rotational movement is detected by the semi-circular canals. The vestibular system can be subdivided into the otolith organs and the semi-circular canals (SCC) (Parnes & Nabi, 2009). The otolith organs can be further divided into the utricle and saccule (Timothy & Hain, 2009). All of these canals have a pivotal role in the maintenance of balance (Fife, 2009). The SCC which contains endolymph is situated at right angles to each other and detects rotational hea...
Modern day firefighting nozzles can be divided into three main types, smoothbore, fog, and broken stream. For arguments sake this paper will focus on the smoothbore and fog nozzles, as they are the most widely accepted to be used for direct fire attack, as opposed to the broken stream nozzle. Typically both types of nozzles have some type of control valve attached which allows the operator to start, stop or reduce the flow of water to the nozzle discharge.
...concept which was used by astronomers and other scientists to comprehend the heavens. Considering the Earth as the core of the world, the celestial sphere is composed of the objects detectible from Earth. When using an Armillary sphere, people can estimate the position of something in the sky’s relation to a viewer on Earth. This model can also be used to show people how the celestial sphere function.
The vestibular system accomplishes three tasks. First, it contributes to an individualís sense of equilibrium in relation to the force of gravity and thus adds to the subjective sense of motion and spatial orientation. Second, inputs coming from the vestibular system convey information to the bodyís muscles and posture. Third, while head and body are in motion, the vestibular system controls eye movements so that images remain steady and in focus. This is called the vestibular-ocular reflex.
It is untrue to suggest that traditional methods of dead reckoning are no longer used as that is precisely what most modern inertial navigation systems depend upon, except that they do it electronically.
• Tests of eye movements (ENG, caloric simulation, Dix-Hallpike test, Roll test). Your health care provider may ask you to quickly change positions while he or she watches you for symptoms of benign positional vertigo, such as nystagmus.
The use of chronocyclegraph motion devices was another method used in motion study. Chronocyclegraph devices were used in the study to formulate a precise scientific conclusion to an investigation. Clocks, temperature, and location devices was used during the study.
with lasers, so inventors used this technology to help them calculate the distance to the moon (Wright 977). This cutting-edge technology put the United States a step ahead in a competition; the United St...
Gears, also known as cogs, sprockets, ratchets have existed since the invention of rotating machinery, providing machines with constant mechanical advantages increasing torque or speed of the shaft. Some of the fist gears developed were wooden pegs fitting onto slots. These setups were often greased with animal fat or wax to allow smooth operation.
The object of ball bearings (and roller bearings) is the substitution of pure rolling motion for plain sliding friction.
Spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system. Spherical coordinates used for 3-dimensional space where the location of a point is mentioned by three numbers. The radial distance of that point from a permanent origin, its tendency angle calculated from a permanent top direction. The other name of radial distance is radius or radial coordinate.
Overall, while often overlooked clocks have played a pivotal role it not only technological advances but shaping the culture of modern society. In the early eighteenth century, the invention of the accurate marine chronometer drastically increased the safety of overseas travel and helped England create one of the greatest empires ever known. With the creation of the atomic clock the GPS system was created, which increased military effectiveness and helped shaped the MAD nuclear policy. In the civilian sector GPS is used constantly to improve safety and effectiveness of certain jobs. In the future atomic clocks may play a role in deep space travel and help in the development of a general theory of everything.
Where g is the acceleration of gravity. This expression for T becomes exact in the limit of zero amplitude motion and is less and less accurate as the amplitude of the motion becomes larger. From this expression, we can use measurements of T and L to compute g.