Two fungi were isolated from the roots of brotowali The strains were identified as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp by the Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati, Institute Teknologi Bandung. The broth culture was filtered to separate the filtrate and mycelia, followed was extracted twice by partition with an equal volume of ethyl acetate. The organic solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to afford 6.2 g of crude extract. All comparative Thin Layer Chomatograpic (TLC) analyses, developed in the following solvents: n-hexane-EtOAc (5:5 v/v); n-hexane-acetone (6:4); and n-hexane-chloroform (3:7), showed two major compounds. The isolation of two lactones from ethyl acetate extract of Trichoderma sp from brotowali is described in Figure 1. Exploration and Structure Elucidation A portion (1 g) of the total crude extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc gradient elution to afford five fractions (F1-F5). Fractions (F5) showed a major compound and further separation by column chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc (6:4 – 0:10) to afford four subfractions (F5.1-F5.4). Fractions (F5.4) further purification was eluted with n-hexane-EtOAc (5:5) to afford compound 1 (320 mg). Subfractions (F2) showed another major compound and further separation and purification by column chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc (10:0 – 6:4 and 8:2, respectively) to afford compound 2 (23 mg). 5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1), obtained as a white cystal, mp. 155-156 oC; UV (MeOH) λ max nm: 269; UV (MeOH + NaOH) λ max nm: 313; IR (KBr) νmax cm-1: 3361.9 (OH), 3097.7 (CH-aromatic), 2922.2 (CH-aliphatic), 1668.8 (C=O esther), 1610.6, 1581.6 (C=C aromatic), 1226.7 (C=O esther), 1072.4 (C-O alcohol): 1H NMR (DPP... ... middle of paper ... ...ydroxymethyl group) on ring. The difference is that compound 1 is 1.2-pyrone, while for isokojic acid is 1,4-pyrone. The fungal Trichoderma species inhabiting healthy tissues of host plants as endophytic fungi. Wu et al. (2011) investigated the AcOEt extract of the culture broth of Trichoderma sp. PR-35 isolated from the healthy stem of Paeonia delavayi and afford five sesquiterpene, trichoderic acid, 2b-hydroxytrichoacorenol, cyclonerodiol, cyclonerodiol oxide, and sorbicillin. Other compounds that have been found from Trichoderma sp. is taxol isolated from Taxus chinensis (Liu et al. 2009). Exploration of two lactone compounds has increased the types of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi of brotowali. Exploration of secondary metabolites research needs to be done in order to get the profile of organic compounds produced by endophytic fungi of brotowali.
The boiling point of the product was conducted with the silicone oil. Lastly, for each chemical test, three test tubes were prepared with 2-methylcyclohexanol, the product, and 1-decene in each test tube, and a drop of the reagent were added to test tubes. The percent yield was calculated to be 74.8% with 12.6g of the product obtained. This result showed that most of 2-methylcyclohexanol was successfully dehydrated and produced the product. The loss of the product could be due to the incomplete reaction or distillation and through washing and extraction of the product. The boiling point range resulted as 112oC to 118oC. This boiling point range revealed that it is acceptable because the literature boiling point range included possible products, which are 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylenecyclohexane, are 110 to 111oC, 104oC, and 102 to 103 oC. For the results of IR spectroscopy, 2-methylcyclocahnol showed peaks at 3300 cm-1 and 2930 cm-1, which indicated the presence of alcohol and alkane functional group. Then, the peak from the product showed the same peak at 2930 cm-1 but the absence of the other peak, which indicated the absence of the alcohol
A weak peak was at a position between 1600-1620 cm-1 can also be seem in the IR, which was likely to be aromatic C=C functional group that was from two benzene rings attached to alkynes. On the other hand, the IR spectrum of the experimental diphenylacetylene resulted in 4 peaks. The first peak was strong and broad at the position of 3359.26 cm-1, which was most likely to be OH bond. The OH bond appeared in the spectrum because of the residue left from ethanol that was used to clean the product at the end of recrystallization process. It might also be from the water that was trapped in the crystal since the solution was put in ice bath during the recrystallization process. The second peak was weak, but sharp. It was at the position of 3062.93 cm-1, which indicated that C-H (sp2) was presence in the compound. The group was likely from the C-H bonds in the benzene ring attached to the alkyne. The remaining peaks were weak and at positions of 1637.48 and 1599.15 cm-1, respectively. This showed that the compound had aromatic C=C function groups, which was from the benzene rings. Overall, by looking at the functional groups presented in the compound, one can assume that the compound consisted of diphenylacetelene and ethanol or
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
The first topic to be discussed in this paper is a description of Hydnum repandum, which was until recently referred to as Dentinum repandum. The description of the fungi will start with the appearance of H. repandum, and will be followed by the life cycle of the noted species.
The total number of volatile compounds found in sea buckthorn juice varies according to published data [8-12] and this study reports the highest number of compounds found so far, but there is an annual variation. In 2011, a total of 74, 89, 72 volatile compounds were extracted from 3 varieties (Hergo, wild and Frugana) of sea buckthorn berries (figure 1 and 2, table 1). A significant decline in the number of volatiles was seen in the 2012 harvest with only 17, 39, 9, 20 volatile compounds extracted in four varieties of berries (Hergo, wild, Frugana, Askola), (figure 3, and table 1). A rise in the volatiles was seen in 2013 and the four varieties of berries (Hergo, wild, Frugana, Askola) had 80,78,52,46 volatile compounds.
Fungi have been significant in both past and modern biotechnological processes (Bennett, 1998). After World War I, a traditional fungal biotechnology has begun and developed into yielding of enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, citric acids, vitamins, and fungicides (Demain, 2000). This list will continue expanding as we moved in this modern century. Fungi definitely bring lots of benefits in pharmaceutical and economic industries. For instance, pharmaceuticals and personal care products may introduce to the terrestrial environment with potential impacts on beneficial soil microbe populations (Hillis et al., 2008). We will discover more economic significant of utilization of fungi in biotechnology area.
The IR spectrum that was obtained of the white crystals showed several functional groups present in the molecule. The spectrum shows weak sharp peak at 2865 to 2964 cm-1, which is often associated with C-H, sp3 hybridised, stretching in the molecule, peaks in this region often represent a methyl group or CH2 groups. There are also peaks at 1369 cm-1, which is associated with CH3 stretching. There is also C=O stretching at 1767 cm-1, which is a strong peak due to the large dipole created via the large difference in electronegativity of the carbon and the oxygen atom. An anhydride C-O resonates between 1000 and 1300 cm-1 it is a at least two bands. The peak is present in the 13C NMR at 1269 and 1299 cm-1 it is of medium intensity.
The crude extract obtained by solvent extraction was subjected to various qualitative tests to detect the presence of common chemical constituents as:
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Sordaria fimicola belongs to the kingdom of fungi and is part of the phylum Ascosmycota. This fungus habitat is in the feces of herbivores. As many fungi Sordaria have one life cycles which is haploid/ diploid. It is commonly exits as a haploid organism, but when the mycelium from two individuals meets, the result is a diploid zygote. This diploid zygote which undergoes meiosis forms eight haploid ascospores . The ability of Sordaria to make 8 haploid ascospores is what makes it unique and important for the laboratory exercise done in lab.
Firstly, The Strata-X-A SPE cartridges prepared using 3 mL of methanol and equilibrated followed with 3mL of ultrapure water. Next, buckwheat honey samples of 30 g were thoroughly mixed with 120 mL of distilled water, and subsequently the solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with with 5% ammonium (v/v).The buckwheat honey samples were centrifuged with 8000 × g for 10 min to dislodge the solid particles. The supernatants were was passed through the previously conditioned Strata-X-A SPE cartridges. After the samples was loaded, the columns were washed 4 mL of distilled water for Strata-X-A SPE cartridges to remove compounds of buckwheat honey that were not absorbed on the sorbents . Afterwards, the phenolic compounds were eluted with 5 mL of formic acid:methanol (1:9, v/v). The eluate was evaporated with 99.999% nitrogen and then the residue was redissolved in HPLC-grade methanol with 2% acetic acid with 98% methanol (2 ml). The resulting methanol extracts were filtered through a 0.22-μm filter (Millipore, Carrigtowhill, Cork, Ireland) and stored at 4 °C for further analysis by
The sample was subjected to steam distillation as illustrated in Figure 1. A total of 50ml of distillate was collected while recording the temperature for every 5.0 ml of distillate. The distillate was transferred into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and 3.0 g of NaCl was added. The flask was cooled and the content was transferred into a 250-ml separatory funnel. Then 25.0ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken for 5 minutes with occasional venting. The aqueous layer was discarded and the organic layer was left inside. About 25.0ml of 10% NaOH was then added and the mixture was shaken as before. The aqueous layer was collected and then cooled in an ice bath. It was then acidified with enough 6.00 M HCl while the pH is being monitored with red litmus paper. Another 25.0 ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken as before. The hexane extract was saved and a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added. The mixture was then swirled for a couple of minutes then filtered. A small amount of the final extracted was tested separately with 1% FeCl3 and Bayer’s reagent.
Materials and Methods: An ion exchange chromatography column was obtained and set up for purification with the addition of 0.5 ml ion exchange matrix. 1 ml
Dried and ground Sumac fruit epicarps (0.5 g) were extracted using methanol (80% v/v) and sonicated for 30 min at room temperature. Then it was centrifuged for 20 min at 3800g and the supernatant was collected into a round-bottom flask (Madsen et al., 2000). The extraction process was repeated four times by 80% methanol, the supernatant was mixed twice with 5 mL of n-hexane to purify of the non-polar fraction. The solvent was vaporization using a rotary under vacuum at 40° C. Finally, the extract was centrifuged again and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.2-lm syringe filter and stored at 20° C until analysis time. Separation and analysis of phenolic compounds from sumac extract was conducted with a series 1100 HPLC (Hewlett–Packard, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with ChemStation software,
Reshetnikov S., Wasser S., Duckman I., & Tsukor K. (2000). Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2 (3): 345–67