Synchrotron radiation is electromagnetism field radiated by accelerating charge particles. The applications of Synchrotron are in many fields e.g. Nano-science, Molecular science, biology and Magnetism.....etc. There are many techniques which based on synchrotron for instance: x-ray diffraction, infrared microscopy techniques and others yet to be developed [1].In this essay, we will focus on the x-ray technique based on synchrotron radiation used on silicon solar cell. However, the x-ray technique based on synchrotron radiation becomes a strong development in recent years. There are two reasons which could explained that: on one side the availability of this brilliant x-ray source based on synchrotron radiation as it fostered the application of x-ray optics; on other side, the” nanoworld” is developing so fast, therefore, the researchers were encouraged to find new and power full method to characterize nanostructures [4]. 2. Background about Solar cell: Actually, the biggest Earth’s solar resource is the sun. However, the Earth intercepts about 1400 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere (on any surface pointing directly at the sun) [2]. This corresponds to 3.85 x 1024 J/year across the Earth’s surface[2].Comparing with how much the Earth’s surface received from the sun, worldwide primary energy use of approximately 4.87 x 1020 J/yr and also the worldwide electricity energy use of approximately 5.67 x 1019 J/yr [2]. Consequently, solar energy is used in many forms including photosynthesis, passive heating and lighting. In the light of the above discussion, Solar Cell devices become renewable alternative source energy. Photovoltaic convert solar radiation into electrical energy. In principally, when the photons of light absorbed, t... ... middle of paper ... ...stributed in the topic PHYS 343-Topics in Applied Physics. Victoria University, wellington-New Zealand on 8-10-2010. 3. Centre Excellence Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics (2009, February). Nanostructured Silicon-Based Tandem Solar Cells. (3). University of New South Wales, Australia. Available from: . Accessed: 21-2-2011. 4. Lagomarsino,S (2004). X-ray Microscopy and Nanodiffraction. In: Nalwa,H.S, (ed). Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotehnology, USA: American Scientific Publishers, pp(681-710). 5. Centre Excellence Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics (2006, April). Nanostructured Silicon-Based Tandem Solar Cells. (1). University of New South Wales, Australia. Available from: . Accessed: 21-2-2011.
Solar energy is energy taken from the light that reaches earth's surface from the sun. There are four different kinds of solar energy, which are active solar systems, passive solar systems, photovoltaic cells and concentrating power systems. An active solar systems is a system that captures solar energy by mechanical means. Common active solar systems are often in buildings or homes. Some examples are roof collectors and water heating. Low Intensity and high variability have limited the use of active solar energy in Canada. A pass...
Photovoltaic cells are found everywhere today: your home, work buildings, schools, and more. There are two types of Photovoltaic Cells: Organic and Inorganic. The type of cell that are most often found and used are inorganic cells. Inorganic cells are known to produce much more energy than organic cells. Although the main element used in these inorganic cells is Silicon, there are many more elements that are used in inorganic photovoltaic cells. There is monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, and microcrystalline Si, the III-V compounds and alloys, CdTe, and the chalcopyrite compound, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These photovoltaic cells are built for large scale power generations. All of these semiconductors have energy band gaps between 1.1-1.7 eV.
Photovoltaic electrical energy is the result of the “photoelectric effect”, a phenomena that occurs when metals are exposed to sunlight. The photovoltaic effect results in both a voltage and a current, the two ingredients for electricity’s generation. This is defined as a clean energy mechanism as the source of the energy is the sun and results in electrical energy being generated without the “products of combustion: Carbon Dioxide CO2” as is the case with fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil). It’s ad...
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
1 David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 5th ed. (NewYork:Wiley, 1997) 361
Serway, Raymond A, and Robert J Beichner. Physics: For Scientists and Engineers. United States of
Although Solar Energy is a flexible source of where energy could be directly or indirectly converted into forms of energy, it’s still not perfect. With its inefficiency, scientists are trying to find alternative solution to store solar cells for as long as possible. The main process of capturing solar energy happens at the nanoscale. With solar cells, it gets more efficient the tinier it gets. The converting rate of solar energy is equally price competitive as fossil fuel, with a dollar per watt of solar energy. With the help of nanotechnology, it could help raise solar energy conversion efficiency and help lower costs making it the ultimate method of raw energy conversion. To make sure the process of generating energy is kept at a low cost and energy output...
Mann, M., 2013. Mind Action Series Physical Sciences 12 Textbook and Workbook. Sanlamhof: Allcopy Publishers.
... and monthly water filling. Solar energy is the cleanest and purest form of energy, allowing for cleaner air overall in our environment. There is great hope for a lot more solar panels to be installed worldwide. Solar is a viable alternative energy with solar panels becoming more affordable and more efficiently designed.
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
Duke Energy. n. d. a. d. a. d. 10 April 2014. http://www.duke-energy.com/about-energy/generating-electricity/nuclear-how.asp>. “How do solar cells work?” Physics.
Design , characterization, production and application of materials devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale.
2) Fundamentals of Physics Extended: Fifth Edition. David Hanley, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1997.
Grundmann, Marius. Physics of Semiconductors: An Introduction Including Devices and Nanophysics. New York: Springer, 2006. Print.
The photovoltaic effect, electricity can be created directly from sunlight. Some semi-conductor materials that are exposed to sunlight can create electron-hole pairs, which can be collected to produce electricity. This occurs when photons have energy above a certain threshold. These photons have shorter wavelengths. In silicon, the threshold for electron-hole production is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.