Global cities are strategic spatial nodes of the world economy with localized basing points for capital accumulation in an age of intensified globalization (Brenner, 1998). (Sassen, 2005), argues that centralization has taken a new form. The major contributor to this new form is reorganization of the financial industry and spatial dispersion of economic activities. This has led to an overall concentration in control and ownership. Dispersion of the economic activities has led to specialization of firms as well as expansion in central functions.
[2] Thomas L. Friedman "examines the impact of the 'flattening' of the globe", and argues that globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political forces have changed the world permanently, for both better and worse. He also argues that the pace of globalization is quickening and will continue to have a growing impact on business organization and practice. [3] Noam Chomsky argues that the word globalization is also used, in a doctrinal sense, to describe the neoliberal form of economic globalization. [4] Herman E. Daly argues that sometimes the terms internationalization and globalization are used interchangeably but there is a slight formal difference. The term "internationalization" refers to the importance of international trade, relations, treaties etc.
To understand the impact of globalization on human Resources you must understand what globalization is and what it does. Globalization is a “process by which the experience of everyday life, is made clear by the dissemination of goods and ideas, is becoming consistant globally. Aspects that have also added to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass relocation along with the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers, and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Globalization offers huge potential profits to companies and nations but has been complicated by widely differing expectations, standards of living, cultures and values, and legal systems as well as unexpected global cause-and-effect linkages (Encyclopedia Britannica).” Globalization is a word in business that indicates the incorporation of an organization's operations, processes and strategies into various cultures, products, services and ideas. While globalization has evolved, the responsibility of human resource management should not be understated.
King (1990, page x) argues that the dissolution of empire has been critical to the growth of world cities. How far does this apply to London? Modern patterns of development and growth have been shaped and influenced by the historical context of colonialism. Within this context relationships between capitalist and pre-capitalist states or colonies helped forge a world economy, which would later lead to processes of globalisation and the current economic world order. Expansion in the world economy has been exacerbated by the freer flow of labour, goods, services and capital, which are features of the post-war, post-colonial world.
The thesis of 'the global city ' is fundamental to understand the global dynamics that have transformed the cities in the last decades. The global city refers to the linkages of cities within the context of a global economic market. There are different key aspects of the urban geography that can indicate this interdependence among global cities as, for example, the expansion of the APS or the growth of TCN in the CBD , the places are considered highly influential in the global cities due to the digital infrastructure (Sassen, 2005, pp.28-40). Whether the local urban policies should adapt or not to the global city model is one frequent question in the academic debate because the global city has negatively impact on the increase of social polarization as a result of the new economics
Since 1980s, the world is greatly influenced by the globalisation effects. In a global perspective, advanced economies are more likely to favour the liberalisation theory, which seems to be dominating the world’s economy. In order to compete with other developed countries, European Union(EU) strive to enlarge and synchronise itself. Over the past decades, the globes have witnessed the continuing evolution of the EU, which has been consolidating its integration process with the reality of the common market, such as the Amsterdam Treaty and the adoption of Economic Monetary Union(EMU). In reality, the EU is becoming the best known and example of regional economic integration so far.
The world economy is a dynamic, multifarious and complex entity. The contemporary economy can be distinguished from past economies simply because technology permits a greater degree of interdependence than has previously been possible. An integral facet of the 21st century economy is what Harvey (1989) identifies as ‘Time-Space Compression’, the phenomenon described by Larsson (2003, pg.89) as “The process of world shrinkage”. This “shrinkage” allows faster capital exchanges and a rapid movement of commodities. Such close spatial relations create a degree of economic dependence, as global interrelations have the potential to become far more entrenched than before.
Globalisation: The history of globalisation goes back to the second half of the 20th century, the development of transport and communication technology led to situation where national boarders where a limiting factor for economic growth (Hamdi, 2013). Meanwhile, globalisation has become an umbrella word for a number of political, environmental and economic trends which present challenges on a global scale. In an economic sense, the term globalisation is defined as the increasing interdependence of markets and production in different countries through trade in goods and services, cross borders flow of capital, merging of corporations and the exchange of technology (Smeral, E. 1998). Giddens, 1990 states, that globalisation is the intensification
In 1750 political liberalism, the enlightened age, Infrastructure, and the economic climate allowed Great Britain to seek new job opportunities and exploit new business ideas. In addition, literacy, public education and the middle class was rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are integral in the modern age.
European and U.S. economies have drastically been influenced by globalization. David (2001) illustrates how the global economy expanded after the North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect, ushering in an era of trade liberalization, forever reshaping the U.S. economy. The integration of new markets allowed for increased flows of trade of goods and services, but also created new opportunities for immigrants and jobs. Additionally, Hopkins (2002) states that proponents of capitalism and free trade, see globalization as positive force in spreading the ideals of democracy, particularly to nations oppressed by communistic regimes. Zurn (2010) provides a prime example of the sociopolitical changes that stemmed from the emerging global market is the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.