LITERATURE REVIEW
Schuarts (2003) defined motivation as a set of factors that cause people to behave in certain ways. From the management’s viewpoint, the objective is to motivate people to behave in ways that are in the organizations best interest.
According to Kanfer’s (1990) work Motivation is commonly defined as the psychological process that determine or energize the direction, intensity and persistence of action within the continuing stream of experiences that characterize a person in relation to his or her work. As many have noted, such definition essentially describes operations in the small space that unifies cognition, affect and behaviour. Work motivation is not property of either the individual or the environment, but rather the
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This definition emphasizes the distributional aspect of motivation, and accounts for the critical process by which an individual exerts control over his behaviour. As Pritchard and Ashwood (2007) note, motivational control over behaviour is achieved largely through allocation of resources across actions. This is significant because often motivation is not actually measured; instead performance is used as a proxy measure of motivation.
Work motivation has long been recognized as an important determinant of personal and organizational accomplishments. The centrality of work to personal well-being is rarely debated, as exemplified by the relatively robust finding that general mental health is negatively related to the length of time an individual seeking work remains unemployed (Mckee-Ryan,
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Hygiene factors are needed to ensure the employees do not get dissatisfied, they do not need higher levels of motivation but without them, there is dissatisfaction. Typical hygiene factors are the working conditions, supervision quality, salary and security, company’s administration and policies and interpersonal relations. Motivation factors are needed in order to motivate the employees to higher performance this factors result to satisfaction and psychological growth, examples of this factor are the achievement, recognition for achievement, advancement and growth (Value Based Management,
Latham, G. P & Pinder, C. C 2005, Work Motivation Theory and Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 56, Issue 1, pp. 485-516, viewed 8 March 2014,
...the Formation of Workers' Motivation', Sociological Research, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 37-56, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 February 2014.
Steers, T. M., Mowday, R. T., & Shapiro, D. L. (2004). Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory. The Academy of Management Review, 29 (3), 379-387.
Latham G.P and Pinder C.C. (2005). Work Motivation Theory and Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology 56.
Motivation and work design is a major goal to many organizations and their employees. Motivation at a work place means helping employees enhance their job performance. When discussing about motivation, it is something an employer can show to their employees so they can do better at work as well to feeling some type of appreciation. For example, a company who has goals at a work place tends to help employees perform better because they know that they will receive some type of reward for doing so. If an employee is asked to finish a project by 12pm and as a reward they will be able to leave early, it is a higher chance that this employee will complete the task as quick as possible. Another example that would probably motivate employees to perform
Robbins and Judge define motivation by means of three elements. The first element is defined as being the process that account for an individual’s intensity which is concerned with how hard a person tries. The second element is direction that benefits the organization and the third element is persistence which is a measure of how long a person can maintain effort. Motivation is also driven by certain situations that vary between individuals and within individuals, at different times. (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.186) These elements should not only be expected from employees but from managers as well.
According to Greenberg (1999), motivation is defined “as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal.” Where “directing” refers to the selection of a particular behavior; and ‘maintenance” refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
Ever since the beginning of Organizational Psychology, work motivation has been a big topic of discussion and research. Based off of what I learned in class lectures, motivation is a complex force that drives people to behave in certain ways. Motivation is an effort expenditure that energizes, directs, and sustains, however, it is not the same thing as performance or ability. Over the course of this discussion, I have formed a variety of ideas about workplace motivation and have better equipped myself to define what I believe creates a motivated, productive, and engaged workforce. Looking at all of the different motivational theories, I believe Herzberg’s two-factor theory, job characteristics theory, the equity theory, the equity theory,
Motivation is an important concept which is critical for understanding of and improvement in organizational behaviour and performance. It is therefore important for the managers to understand motivation. It is an important tool which they can use to get more out of their employees and increase organizational performance. Motivation can be defined as the factors, both internal as well as external which arouse in individuals the desire and commitment for a job (Mele, 2005, p. 15). Organizational performance on the other hand refers to the degree to which the organizational objectives have been achieved.
Motivation is the concept of stimulating or arousing a person to achieve a goal. Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is absent too (What is Motivation and How to Strengthen It, para. 1). Motivation theories are unique to each organization. Some organizations have come up with motivation theories such as setting work goals, job performance evaluations, and fair treatment policies within the work environment to keep employees motivated. The impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within organizations is Organizational Behavior. Motivation is affected by organizational behaviors, which is why different organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees.
According to Greenberg (1999) motivation is defined "as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behaviour towards a goal." Where directing' refers to the selection of a particular behaviour; and maintenance' refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
Latham, G. P. (2007). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Motivation is key in the workplace. It is developed from the collaboration of both conscious and unconscious principles such as the strength of desire or need, motivating force or reward estimation of the objective, and desires of the person and of his or her peers/co-workers. These elements are the reasons one has for carrying on a specific way. An illustration is an understudy that invests additional energy contemplating for a test since he or she needs a superior review in the class. The Inside and outside principles that animate want and vitality in individuals to be constantly intrigued and centered around their work, part or subject, or to try to achieve an objective.
Motivation is an aspect of managerial function of directing under execution. It is necessary as a means to induce people to work, as they are able and trained to do, willingly.
There are many different ways of interpretation of the concept of motivation. To define motivation in general I relied on Oxford Dictionary (2017): “A reason or