1. Introduction
Developments in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless networks are opening a new domain in networking history. Sensors; often called "smart dust" are low cost small tiny devices with limited coverage, low power, smaller memory sizes and low bandwidth, will play a key role in collecting and disseminating data from the fields where ordinary networks are unreachable for various environmental and strategical reasons.
There have been significant contributions to overcome many weaknesses in sensor networks like coverage problems, lack in power and making best use of limited network bandwidth, however; work in sensor network security is still in its infancy stage. This paper is an effort to introduce the security issues in wireless sensor networks, highlight the current research efforts, and to determine the future directions to solve the unresolved issues.
The remainder of this paper is organised in the following way. Section 2 provides a brief overview of wireless sensor networks, their evolution, major research initiatives and future applications. In section 3, security issues and challenges are discussed. Section 4 highlights the related work in sensor networks. Section 5 concludes the paper by posing some questions and future directions.
2. An Overview
Sensor networks are emerging technologies currently being deployed in seismic monitoring, wild life studies, manufacturing and performance monitoring. These sensor nodes are densely deployed in a predetermined geographical area to self-organise into ad hoc wireless networks to gather and aggregate data [8].
The ad hoc nature of sensor networks poses unique challenges with their security and reliability. Resource constrained senso...
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[8] Ning Hu, Randy K. Smith and Phillip G. Bradford "Security for Fixed Sensor Networks" ACMSE2004
[9] S. Kumar and D. Shephered, "SenseIT: Sensor information technology for the warfighter," in Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Information Fusion, 2001
[10] Mike Chen, Weidong Cui, Victor Wen, and Alec Woo, "Security and Deployment Issues in a Sensor Network", 2000, UC Berkeley
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[12] "10 Emerging Technologies That Will Change the World" online. [Available] http://et.its.psu.edu/public/news/tenETs2004.pdf [Accessed 28 August 2004]
Sybil attacks are a threat to geographical routing protocols, since they require the exchange of coordinates for efficient packet routing. Ideally, a node only sends a set of coordinates, but under a Sybil attack, an attacker could pretend to be in many places at once. The Sybil attack can significantly reduce the effectiveness of fault-tolerant schemes such as distributed storage dispersity and multipath routing, and topology maintenance. Replicas, storage partitions, or routes believed to be using disjoint nodes could in actuality be using a single adversary presenting multiple identities. All of the techniques involve utilizing multiple identities. For instance, in a sensor network voting scheme, the Sybil attack might utilize multiple identities to generate additional “votes”. Similarly, to attack the routing protocol, the Sybil attack would rely on a malicious node taking on the identity of multiple nodes, and thus routing multiple paths through a single malicious
Sabu M. Thampi, Pradeep K. Atrey, Chun I. Fan, Gregorio Martinez Perez (Eds.), Security in Computing and Communications: International Symposium, SSCC 2013, Mysore, India, August 22-24, 2013. Proceedings (Communications in Computer and Information Science) (p. 418). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Security is a wide concept, it is a separated subject with its own theories, "which focus on the process of attack and on preventing, detecting and recovering from attacks" (William 1996). Certainly, these processes should be well organized in coping with the complex system issues. A coherent approach should be taken, which builds on established security standards, procedu...
[5] S. E. Sarma, S. A. Weis, and D.W. Engels. Radio-frequency-identification security risks and challenges. CryptoBytes, 6(1), 2003.
The rapid progress of embedded MEMS (micro-sensing technologies) and wireless communication has made wireless sensor networks possible. Such an environment may have many wireless nodes which are inexpensive; each node is capable of collecting, storing and processing environmental data, and communicating with neighboring nodes. These sensors are connected with wires in the past but tod...
Ishiguro, K., & Hunng, R. (2011). Implementation of a Wireless Communication Technologies Based Home Security System, IEEE
It has been demonstrated that a number of interoperable systems must be implemented to fully protect a network; a strategy known as Defense in Depth. Due to the multitude of security devices and device categories available, it can be very difficult to identify the correct tools for meeting security goals. Using the Defense in Depth strategy will require an understanding of the interactions between devices occuring within the network.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments. Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna micro-controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having limited power to consume, a memory that is capable of performing limited computations, in addition to probability of communication failures between nodes.
Many recent advancements which took place in the wireless communications and electronics is the reason which enabled development of cost effective sensors, and those sensors are used for various applications like in household, military and other areas. The networks still have some technical problems which still need to be fixed and are currently being researched.
We consider a wireless sensor network with N = 100 nodes distributed randomly in 100m X 100m field. A gateway node is deployed in the centre of the sensing field. The BS is located far away from the sensing field. Both gateway node and BS are stationary after deployment. We consider packet size of 4000 bits. We compare our protocol with LEACH protocol. To assess performance of our protocol with LEACH, we ignore the effects caused by signal collision and interference in the wireless channel. Table 1 shows the radio parameters used in our
A sensor node is also known as a mote (mostly in North America). This sensor node in a wireless sensor network is capable of performing some processing, gathering of sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. It must be clearly understood that a mote is a node but a node is not always a mote. Although wireless sensor nodes have existed for decades and used for applications as diverse as earthquake measurements to even warfare, the latest development of small sensor nodes dates back to the 1998 Smartdust project[1] and the NASA Sensor Webs Project[1]. One of the objectives of the Smart dust project was to create autonomous sensing and communication within a cubic millimeter of space. Though this project ended early on, it led to many more research projects. They include major research centers in Berkeley NEST [2] and CENS [2]. The researchers involved in these projects came up with the term mote to refer to a sensor node. The equivalent term in the NASA Sensor Webs Project[2] for a physical sensor node is pod, although the sensor node in a Sensor Web can be another Sensor Web itself. Physical sensor nodes have been able to increase their capability in conjunction with Moore's Law. The footprint of the chip contains more complex microcontrollers and these microcontrollers are also lower powered. Thus, for the same footprint of the node, more silicon capability can be now packed into it. Nowadays, motes or nodes focus on providing the longest wireless range upto dozens of km, with lowest energy consumption and the easiest development process for the user.
In recent years, Mobile ad hoc network is used due to increasing number of mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PDA etc., An ad hoc network consists of infrastructure based ad hoc network that depends on pre-constructed infrastructure made of fixed nodes and infrastructure less ad hoc network that does not depend on pre-existing infrastructure and it is dynamically cooperate with set of independent nodes. A Mobile ad hoc network is self-organized network without infrastructure connected by wireless links. Due to de-centralized infrastructure, a node can act both as router and host. The nodes can directly communicate each other within their transmission range otherwise the multi-hop network is needed. The mobile ad hoc network is widely used in day-to-day life such as military operations where an infrastructure is unknown to the soldiers. Web services like e-mail can be used for file transfer and it also used in multimedia applications. It is also used in disaster recovery such as earthquake, tsunamis etc. In MANET, the nodes are free to move, it will change its connection to other devices frequently. An important issue in MANET is routing between two nodes, due to the changing topology of the network. The routing protocol should be secure to protocol to protect against network attacks such as Black hole attack, worm hole attack, Dos attack, grey hole attack. Mostly AODV, DSR, DSDV are prone to the attacks. Research work concentrates in the field of routing and security. MANET has attacks in all the layers. In the physical layer jamming, intercept and eavesdrop attacks may occur. In the data link layer, traffic analysis, monitoring, disruption may occur. In the network layer, wormhole, black hole, byzantin...
...obile Sink Replica In Wireless Sensor Network And Authenticate It With Key Distribution” (IJERT), ISSN:2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 6, June 2013.
De Poorter, E., Troubleyn, E., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2011). IDRA: A flexible system architecture for next generation wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 17(6), 1423-1440. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-011-0356-5
This paper is going to discuss wireless security from a broad view where I will go into why exactly wireless security is so important especially today as the ways in which we are communicating is changing dramatically. From there I will discuss the multiple wireless securities that are available to give a better understanding of the options given. Then I will go into why exactly not protecting your wireless can be so dangerous with some descriptions on the most dangerous wireless attacks out there today. Finally I will then discuss how we can better prepare for these types of attacks with a synopsis on several effective security methods that will help to ensure data is securely passed and kept hidden.