Dr. Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson was a British neurologist who first described a pathological change of the brain and liver in 1912. Wilson's work was based off of different reports and studies from many studies including a German neurologist by the name of Dr Carl Westphal in 1883, who termed these changes "pseudosclerosis", by a British neurologist named Sir William Gowers in 1888, who similarly identified the combination of neurologic and liver disease (Rosencrantz and Schilsky, 2011, pg. 246) and by Dr Adolph Strümpell in 1898, who noted hepatic cirrhosis. In 1948, a professor by the name John N. Cumings made the link with copper accumulation in both the liver and the brain (News-Medical, 2014). Copper is an essential trace element that is crucial to the health of humans. It is necessary for many different functions in the human body including the transportation of electrons, the formation of the skin pigment melanin, maintaining the myelin sheath which covers nerves, helping in the synthesis of phospholipids, as well as many other things (Subhranita, 2012). Copper is necessary in brain and liver function, and is usually secreted in bile. However, sometimes the copper does not properly excrete through bile, and the buildup of copper can lead to some diseases, like Wilson’s disease, which is a genetic disorder that prevents the body from eliminating extra copper. This leads to a buildup of copper in the liver, which can eventually spill into the bloodstream, affecting the brain, eyes and other organs. This buildup can cause life-threatening damage to the affected organs.
Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder, usually affecting about 1 in 40,000 people, and has an equal effect on both men and women. The dise...
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... from https://www.genome.gov/27532725#al-3
Bomford, A. (2007). Wilson's Disease. Retrieved from http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk/liver-information/liver-conditions/wilsons-disease/#Diagnosis Catana, A. M., & Medici, V. (2012). Liver transplantation for Wilson disease.World Journal of Hepatology, 4(1), 5-10. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i1.5
Bowen, R. (2003, October 26). Hepatic Histology: Sinusoids. Retrieved from http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/histo_sinusoids.html
Gilroy, R. K. (2013, October 1). Wilson Disease . Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183456-overview
Netter, F. H. (2011). Surfaces and bed of liver. In Atlas of human anatomy (5th ed., p. 277). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
Stanislavsky, A., & Jones, J. (2014). Wilson disease. Retrieved from http://radiopaedia.org/articles/wilson-disease-2
Wilson had some important roles in World War I that took a tole on his health. Just the fact of being a president is enough pressure. What stands out most after much research is the fact of how much he wanted peace. One would not underestimate by saying he spent his life by trying to have world peace. He was a remarkable president and benefited our nation tremendously by his works.
Liver percusses to 8 cm at midclavicular line, one fingerbreadth below right costal margin: This indicates that the patient does not have signs or symptoms of liver disease or ascites.
... (CNS) may also indicate another copper binding function for PrP. In blood and blood plasma, amino acids are mainly what copper binds to, yet the chief component which it actively binds to is Serum Albumin, which readily takes up 1 copper at its N terminal. The cerebrospinal fluid however, contains more amino acids and lacks a high quantity of serum albumin, and othe copper binding constituents normally found in blood. Thus it is hypothesised that PrP plays a role similar to albumin, by helping maintain copper homeostasis. Several studies have also shown that PrP opposes apoptosis reactions in some cells, by protecting the cells from the signals which would usually cause apoptosis to occur. Mutagenesis experiments have shown the PrP octarepeat domain is required to protect against Doppel-protein toxicity, which when usually expressed, would bring about cell death.
"Parkinson Disease." Genetics Home Reference. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, n.d. Web. May 2012. .
McKusick, Victor A., Cassandra L. Kniffin, and Joanna. "#268800-Sandhoffs Disease." Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man, 25 Mar. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. .
mother, and Wilson‘s five siblings when Wilson was a young child. His mother worked as a
on the account of ancient Indian texts relating to the Ayurveda medical system which identified the disease as Kampavata. Many others have identified Parkinson’s throughout time as either the “shaking palsy” or its Latin form “paralysis agitans” (Abramovitz, 10). People such as Middle Age physician Galen in 175 AD and widely known Leonardo Da Vinci all picked up on the presence of Parkinson’s Disease before it’s official description was written in 1817 in
During this interview Wilson was strict when answering questions as well as providing straight answers. The most Wilson divulged with information on was his career starting from the age of thirteen which I found to be intriguing. At first to start off the interview I asked Wilson, “What did you do for a living?” He said, “Survived,” which caused a laugh between the two of us. After that Wilson went
Tamparo, C. D. & Lewis, M. A. (2011). Diseases of the human body. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Fig1. shows the human digestive system or the alimentary canal with different organs. (ladyofHats 2006).
The sonographic appearance varies depending on of the Hepatitis is acute or chronic. In acute hepatitis you will see a normal texture or portal veins will be more prominent. The liver appears hypoechoic. Attenuation might be present in acute Hepatitis. Gallbladder walls are thickened and hepatosplenomegaly. In chronic Hepatitis the parenchyma will appear coarsed with decreased brightness of the portal triad. Attentuaion is not as great in chronic Hepatitis. Fibrosis may occur with soft shadowing. The size of the liver is decreased and appears hyperechoic.
James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still being extensively studied.
Since the gene for HD is dominant, there is a 50% chance of a sufferer's
Zein, N. N., & Edwards, K. (2009). The Cleveland Clinic guide to liver disorders. New York: Kaplan Pub.
Coronal serving of the liver employing a curvilinear probe displaying a haemangioma below the dome of the diaphragm (white arrow heads) and its mirror artifact above the diaphragm (black arrow heads). Notice that the mirror artifact is extra blurred and distorted...