Why DNS? In modern computing all software applications involving communication with other computers over the Internet use IP based addressing to identify hosts to communicate with. IP addresses are formatted numeric sequences of number which specify the location of host computers on the Internet or LAN/WAN network. IP addresses are difficult for humans to remember which is why there is a need to refer to network resources by a human-understandable name. The current process of translating IP addresses to readable domain names is performed by using the Domain Name Service (DNS). In the early days of the Internet, and prior to the inception of the DNS architecture, relatively few hosts existed on the Internet. The method at the time to locate host computers on the Internet was by use of a special file called hosts.txt. The master copy of the hosts.txt was centrally managed and hosted by the Stanford Research Institute – Networking Information Center (SRI-NIC). All computers residing on the Internet were required to download the hosts.txt file from the SRI-NIC to have an up-to-date copy of the mapping of all hosts on the Internet. The maintenance of the hosts.txt file was a manual process performed by the SRI-NIC. As new hosts were added to the Internet, requests to add the host information to the hosts.txt file were sent directly to the SRI-NIC. SRI-NIC would make the update (weekly) and all network administrators for all computers on the Internet were required to re-download and install the update. When the Internet was small, maintaining the hosts.txt file was relatively simple. But as the popularity of the Internet increased, manually maintaining the hosts.txt file was extremely problematic. SRI-NIC made updates more often w... ... middle of paper ... ...ated the IP information for the domain name. The DNS server sends the domain records back to the DNS client. The DNS client then decides which domain record to use from the returned results and passes its IP selection back to the web browser in the correct format. Lastly, the application software is now able to open a socket to www.company.com to begin a connection. Conclusion The method for resolving domain names is impressive when the amount of coordination is taken into account. DNS is a smart solution to what was otherwise a train wreck method of maintaining a mountain of information. The DNS method facilitates rapid change and unlimited growth on the Internet. Overall, given the millions of hosts in existence today (and millions more in the very near future) DNS is a relatively fast solution due to its distributed processing architecture and use of caching.
The World Wide Web and the internet is not the same thing, and they are often confused with being the one and same. However, the internet existed long before the www (World Wide Web). The internet refers to the massive network of computers stretching all over the world. The word internet also found its origin through this, the word comes from the two words interconnected and network. Though we can all with each other through internet, all the computers are not connected to the one and same mega computer. For each network there are one or several computers that hold the information that is needed to access all the information. This arrangement is known as the client-server architecture.
From the above part (b), Yahoo.com and google.com are the web servers that have multiple IP addresses
Gromov, G. (2011). Roads and Crossroads of the Internet History. Retrieved 3 9, 2012, from Net Valley: http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=1 and http://www.netvalley.com/intval1.html
Any information presented about IP version 6 (IPv6) will not be complete without talking about IP version 4 (IPv4), its predecessor. For completeness, a brief introduction of IPv4 will be made.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 address. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually one address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade.
Kozierok, C. (2005). The TCP/IP Guide - TCP/IP Overview and History. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPIPOverviewandHistory.htm
Ten years ago, the Internet as we know it hit screens. It was 1995 when Explorer and Netscape emerged as the leading browsers for Internet users. Of course, a lot has changed since the days when it took several minutes to load one Web page. Today, URLs are as common as phone numbers for most businesses.
Charles M. Kozierok. (2005). DNS Components and General Functions .Available: http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DNSComponentsandGeneralFunctions.htm. Last accessed 1st April 2014.
The TCP/IP is the most important internet operation protocol in the world. While IP protocol performs the mass of the functions which is needed for the internet to work. It does not have many capabilities which are essential and needed by applications. In TCP/IP model these tasks are performed by a pair of protocols that operate at the transport layer. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). These two protocols are vital when it comes to delivering and managing the communication of numerous applications. To pass on data streams to the proper applications the Transport layer must identify the target application. First, to be able to attain this, Transport layer assigns an application an identifier. In the TCP/IP model call this identifier a port number. Every individual software process needing to access the network is assigned a un...
generate logs, wherein IP Addresses of all interacting computers are recorded. The logs from a basis for investigation by investigating officers. The IP address has two parts - Network number and the Host number. Whereas the Network Number is assigned by an International Body interNIC, the host Number or Host ID is assigned by the Network System's administrator. For convenience we shall address the four bytes as follows
Leiner, Barry M., Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, et al. “The past and future history of the Internet.” Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM. New York: February 1997. Vol. 40, Iss. 2; pg. 102, 7 pgs.
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of personal, institutional and company computers. The number of computers used by the internet is growing rapidly. The United States is connected with over 100 countries worldwide and linked together to exchange of data, news and opinions. The Internet is decentralized design. This means that there isn't just one computer that stores all of the information from the Internet. There are many independent host servers located throughout the US and the world that store the information made available to the global Internet community.
· The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name "www.howstuffworks.com" into an IP Address that it can use to connect to the server machine.
The first step is to register a domain name. A domain name is used to identify your unique location on the web. There are a...
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed, hierarchical database of Internet name and address information. The purpose of the DNS is to resolve, or map, the names of host computers to numerical IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Every computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. The IP address is a 32-bit number that is conventionally presented in dotted decimal form divided into four binary octets. The domain name is an alphanumerical name that corresponds to the IP address. The founders of the Internet introduced the concept of domain names because alphanumerical names are easier for humans to understand and remember than relatively long, meaningless IP addresses.