Introduction: The myocardites are classified as inflammatory diseases that affect the heart with variable clinical manifestations, and it has been suggested that various inflammatory variants are responsible for this condition 1,2 .Some studies report that 10% to 30%of heart failures are due to cardiac inflammation, and viral infection3,4 .Present of inflammatory diseases, and genetic proneness have been reported to be contributory factors5-7.Accurate diagnosis of myocarditis is a challenge as it necessitates multiple biopsies8-11.Transcriptomics investigation is considered as an extremely useful tool for accurate diagnosis of complex pathological conditions12.Bettina and her colleagues pointed out that microarray is a valuable tool to diagnose myocarditis based on a single biopsy as it renders differentially expressed genes13.
Microarrays provide a way to investigate known and unknown DNA or RNA samples based on hybridization to known probes on the microarray14,15 .There are several classes of microarrays including cDNA arrays and oligonucleotide arrays. Microarrays are a powerful research tool that have enhanced studies of cardiovascular disease 16 .This technology allows the investigation of changes in gene expression between two or more groups 17 .Levels of expressed genes from healthy samples are compared to levels of expressed genes from infected samples. Microarrays can also be used for gene discovery, disease prognosis and diagnosis 15 , and drug discovery 18 .By understanding how gene expression changes, we can better understand the progression of a given disease 19,20 .Affymetrix microarrays is a valuable technique as it compares gene expression between two different tissues, including disease and sham/control which us...
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...man development before and after contracting the disease.In addition, this study did not look at the protein alterations between two groups and also protein-protein interactions which are very important in understanding the disease33 .Microarrays themselves have limitations. In general, if a mutation happens in a sequence, probes for that sequence may not recognize it. Cross hybridization among similar genes is another limitation of microarrays. In microarrays we are limited to interrogating the genes that are on the chip, and genes are difficult to detect and accurately quantify. RNA-Seq would be a better method due to being sensitive to small changes in gene expression and we are not limited to what is available on the chip. Finally, qPCR is an accurate method to validate those genes that we found that were significantly differentially regulated between samples.
It helps medics to find a direct genetic cause of the patient’s condition and target it with pharmaceutical or other therapies. The technology is used for the identification of DNA sequences that increase risks of current diseases and disorders; with this information carriers can start to make efforts to prevent them before the development of the problem. The video mentioned 200 actionable genes, structures that have direct links with a specific condition. Knowing about their presence, people have a chance to bring in preventive measures like taking anticoagulants in the case of identification of a thrombogenic gene. The technology led to the significant improvement of diagnostics and personalized treatments. It helped to find a rare, life-threatening mutation in case of Beery twins and assign a drug to a girl (Alexis) that returned her to a normal life. In the case of cancer genome sequencing led to the development of genetic drags, which target essential tumor genes and make malign structures to shrink. The video mentioned a product that works with the BRАF protein that induces cells to uncontrolled division; the drug led to the remission in the patient with metastasizing melanoma. Such treatment was effective in the case of cystic fibrosis. In the case of the breast cancer the technology helps to evaluate the aggressiveness of the condition and make a personalized decision about chemotherapy. The video also mentioned the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis – an early-staged technology that prevents the development of inherited disorders in
Heart (Cardiac Muscle) Cells. Question 1: Briefly describe, in 500 words or less, the normal structure and function of your chosen cell type. In your answer, discuss specific features of your chosen cell type, including cell organelles. Throughout the heart, cardiac muscle cells are connected together to form a large network from one end to the other.
These mechanisms contribute to the signs and symptoms of heart failure. However, the manifestations are nonspecific and do...
...ape formation, movement of cardiac progenitor cells, heart tube, and heart function. A novel development of more specific assays, advance genetic screen efforts will provide new knowledge on cardiac development in the following years. Additionally, because of the zebrafish distinct features and its similarities to vertebrae, the zebrafish might become many researchers preferred model organism to study many mammal organs. Recently, the zebrafish has been used to study mechanisms that cause human cardiac and liver diseases and to model human hereditary and developed cardiac diseases. Due to the increase in sequencing efforts, the developing interest to study human liver and cardiac diseases. Also, the increase of resource and the more availability of the zebrafish model used in clinical and basic researchers involved in studying the liver, as well as cardiac diseases
. The layers of the heart wall include epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Epicardium is the surface of the wall and it’s also called visceral pericardium. It contains serous membrane covering the heart. Myocardium is in the middle of the two layers it’s described as having a thick muscular layer of the heart. It serves as having contractions of the heart as well in containing fibrous skeleton in networking of collagenous and elastic fibers. Some of the functions are providing structural support, attachment for cardiac muscle, and having electrical insulation. Endocardium is the inner lining that is smooth and contains epithelial. There is also the pericardial sac which allows the heart to beat without friction and the heart having room to expand and resist excessive expansion. It has three layers which include parietal pericardium the tough outer layer, pericardial cavity is filled with pericardial fluid, and visceral pericardium which is thin, smooth, and serous layer covering the heart surface.
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. 10 Dec. 2007. National Institutes of Health. .
Mitochondria are tiny organelles found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They are rather large organelles ranging from 0.5µm to 10µm in length and 1µm in diameter. The mitochondria are the energy factories of the cell and are located in the cytoplasm. They are the sites of cellular respiration. The mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP from such organic fuels as simple sugars and fats in the process of cellular respiration. This doubled-membrane organelle has its own DNA and can reproduce by splitting itself.
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (feline HCM) in Maine Coons is a very serious myocardial disorder that often leads to sudden death due to heart failure. The Maine Coon (American Longhair) is the largest and oldest natural breed of domestic cat in North America with a distinct appearance with a lion-like ruff and a tail that resembles a raccoon’s and is good at hunting. HCM is when “a primary structural disorder of the myocardium; characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy… no symptoms to sustained palpitations, heart failure and sudden cardiac death” (2013). This is caused by a mutation of P.A31P in the cMyBP-C (myosin binding protein C) gene and these being the first non-human cases “feline familial HCM provides a valuable model
One of the most important systems in the body, keeping it alive, is the cardiovascular system. As a part of the circulatory system, the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body through a network of many arteries and veins, providing it with nutrients and oxygen. Also, the cardiovascular fights infections and disease in the body and creates blood cells. Never the less, blood acts as a filtration system for the body and removes waste, cell debris, or bacteria from the bloodstream.
Nevertheless, functional genomics is an area of research which has been widely developed due to microarray technology; providing a wide-scale platform for the analysis of genes.
The use of genetic sequencing in the medical field has innumerable possibilities; genomic medicine, as this new field is now called, will enable the human race to make immense advances in understanding how our genetic heredity makes us susceptible to some illnesses and immune to others. The detection of diseases with a high rate of heredity is just one facet of the gem that is genomics; once researchers are able to map out all of the vital components and rare alleles that sometimes play a large factor in disease, it will be possible to target these specific gene combinations, functional elements, and alleles. Because of the fact that protein, produced by our cells’ ribosomes, has an effect on the pathways that help express our inherited traits, it is important that we understand the relationship between DNA and protein, and how this affects the phenotype of an individual’s genetic attributes. For example, sickle-cell anemia is caused by a flaw in one nitrogenous base sequence in DNA. This flaw then translates into RNA, then into amino acids that determine the phenotype that the subject will have. The discrepancy in something as minute as a nitrogenous base and one amino acid makes the difference between a healthy, normal life and a life ...
In December of 1992, my paternal grandfather suffered a heart attack. He had been hauling several 50 lb. sacks of corn up into the deer feeder on his property by himself. He got into his truck, turned the ignition, put it into drive and before he could take his foot off the brake, he was dead. He was 68 years old. I was thirteen and that seemed so old. I remember that prior to the event there were many conversations within my family about the condition of my grandfather’s heart and cardiovascular system and how he needed to make lifestyle changes. I remember him taking nitroglycerine pills. I remember him coming to Dallas to go to an appointment so that they could perform tests with names like “stress EKG.” I remember that these things meant little to me at the time.
can be used directly by the cell as an energy source. Mitochondria tend to be
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
Genetics & Personalized Medicine. (2013). University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Retrieved on February 3, 2014 from: http://www.ottawaheart.ca/research_discovery/genetics-personalized-medicine.htm