Quijano #34
2SLP
Hypertriglyceridemia
Introduction
Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition where in there is an alarmingly high concentration of triglyceride in the blood. Triglycerides or triacylglcerol is a lipid formed by esterfication of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule it is a type of fat found in the blood. When it comes to dietary discussions the term fat usually is used to substitute for triacylglycerol. The normal triglyceride level in the blood is <150mg/dl, people with Hypertiglyceridemia has a triglyceride level > 150mg/dl. Mild hypertriglyceridemia - 150-199mg/dl, Moderate hypertriglyceridemia - 200-999mg/dl, Severe hypertriglyceridemia - 1000-1999 mg/dl, and very severe hypertriglyceridemia - > 2000mg/dl. There are two main sources of plasma triglycerides. Exogenous sources (from dietary fat) carried in chylomicrons, and endogenous (from the liver) carried in very low density lipoprotein.
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and for pancreatitis. More importantly Hypertriglyceridemia is usually accompanied with other lipid abnormalities and metabolic syndrome which is connected to coronary artery disease.
Classification
Primary Causes of Hypertriglyceridemia
Familial hypertriglyceridemia is a condition defined by an isolated very low density lipoprotein, which is not as rich in triglyceride as chylomicrons are. This type of disorder has 5-10% population prevalence. Although the molecular basis for this disorder is still unknown it is likely to be polygenic which means it requires a secondary factor for expression.
Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia has a population prevalence of 2-5%. The abnormalities associated with this disease are the increase in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)...
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...s added. All are additive interventions and most of them seem to work by increasing the clearance of triglyceride-rich particles.
Works Cited
Kwiterovich, P, O.(Ed). (2010). The Johns Hopkins Textbook of Dyslipidemia. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
O’Riordan, M. (2012, September 10) New Clinical Guidelines for Treating, Screening Hypertriglyceridemia. Medscape. Retrieved March 1, 2014 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/770655.
Pejic, R. (2006). Hypertriglyceridemia. Medscape. Retrieved March 1, 2014 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/532511_4.
Stroes, E. S., & Vissers, M.N. (2010). Evidence based management of lipid disorders. UK: Gutenberg Press Ltd.
Yuan, G. (2007, April). Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2014 from http://www.cmaj.ca/content/176/8/1113.full.
Triglycerides are a main source of energy for humans, which are storage molecules composed of fatty acids that may undergo fatty acid beta-oxidation when in need of energy (D. R. de Assis et al, 2003). Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorder that prevents fatty acid conversion to energy (Rinaldo et al., 2002). MCAD deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene coding for the MCAD enzyme, and the disorder occurs in 1 of every 17,000 people, with the highest frequency in Northern European populations (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008; Rinaldo et al., 2002). Individuals are often diagnosed using genetic and molecular testing by looking at DNA, as well as the contents of urine samples (Matern & Rinaldo, 2012 ). Newborn screening may help identify affected individuals before the onset of symptoms and take preventative measures against this disorder (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008).
"Cardiovascular Disease: Facts, Disease Prevention and Treatment Strategies." Cardiovascular Disease: Facts, Disease Prevention and Treatment Strategies. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.
Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy fat-like substance and is a major class of lipid, so it gets into the blood by lipoproteins [1]. A high level of lipoproteins is unhealthy. A high level can result in an elevated risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [2]. The high levels of lipoproteins are often influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as obesity or dieting habits [2]. High cholesterol can be caused by mutations in the following genes: APOB, LDLR, LDLRAP1, and PCSK9 [3]. Mutations in the LDLR gene are responsible for causing familial hypercholesterolemia, which is the most commonly seen form of inherited high cholesterol [3]. The LDLR gene contains instructions for making LDL receptors or low-density lipoprotein receptors. LDL receptors play critical roles in regulating levels of cholesterol in the blood by removing low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream. Mutations in the LDLR gene can make the amount of LDL receptors produced less than normal or affect their job of removing the low-density lipoproteins in the blood [4]. People who have these mutations will have higher levels of cholesterol. There are many ways that the environment can affect the levels of cholesterol in the blood. Reducing the amount of dietary fat you consume lowers the total amount of cholesterol in the blood [5]. Sucrose and fructose can raise the amount of LDL in the blood. Reducing fatty foods will however lower the amount of LDL [5]. Having a healthy body and maintaining physical exercise plays a key role in keeping your cholesterol at a healthy level. If you are overweight or obese you can lower your cholesterol levels by simply losing ...
CAD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the worldwide. The prevalence of biological and metabolic risk factors were also found to be high in development of coronary artery disease. Patients with hypercholesterolemia are at increased risk to experience cardiovascular events and to die from vascular disease [2]. .Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol let downing agents used to manage cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases and to treat hypercholesterolemia. Statin’s therapy ...
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Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(11), 790-797.
Katzen, H. and Mahler, R. (1977). Diabetes, obesity, and vascular disease. 1st ed. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. ; New York : distributed by Halsted Press, p.637.
Hyperlipidemia or increased cholesterol builds up causing narrowing in the arteries, which reduces oxygen rich blood flow to the heart and tissues, also increasing the risk for myocardial infarction. Obesity increases the risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, and therefore increasing
"High Cholesterol." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention High Cholesterol. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Feb. 2014. Web. 02 Apr. 2014.
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.2 It is characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides. Some hallmarks of metabolic syndromes are dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and a predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetics appears to play an important role in predisposing certain individuals and populations to the development of metabolic syndrome.1 Multiple environmental factors modify this genetic predisposition and include physical inactivity, advancing age, cigarette smoking, and endocrine dysfunction. The presence of one or either of these signs should alert the clinician to search for other biochemical abnormalities that may be associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Magliano, DJ, Shaw, JE, Shortreed, SM, Nusselder, WJ, Liew, D, Barr, EL, Zimmet, PZ & Peeters, A 2008, ‘Lifetime risk and projected population prevalence of diabetes’, Diabetologia, vol.51, pp.2179-2186, viewed 15th May 2011.
... American Diabetes Association. “Diabetes Statistics.” American Diabetes Association. Page - American Diabetes Association.
The Web. The Web. 22 Jan. 2014. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20019580>. High cholesterol levels in the body.
When one or several lipids combine with proteins this forms lipoproteins, these transport fat throughout the bloodstream. High-density lipoproteins, also known as HDL, carry fat away from body cells, therefore preventing its growth in the artery walls. Low-Density Lipoproteins, also known as LDL, contain a high amount of cholesterol and seem to help the build up of fatty materials in the artery walls. The situation that you should go for would be high HDL and low LDL levels. Your goal should be to keep your overall cholesterol at below 200, with LDL lower than 40, and your HDL should be at around 160. This will lower the risk of heart disease and other related problems with cholesterol.