What is ATM?
Before the discussion of wireless ATM can begin, the concept of ATM in general needs to be discussed. ATM, or by its more formal name Asynchronous Transfer Mode, is a basic packet-based networking system designed for the simultaneous transmissions of voice, video, and data. In the mid 1980s, the major telecommunication companies decided that they needed a new network to handle the surge of video and data, along with voice, traffic being sent over their existing networks. From this, the concept of ATM was born. From an increasing need to handle data traffic, which is inherently packet-based, as well as voice traffic, ATM was designed to work as a packet-switched network. In a packet-switched network, all traffic is broken into small pieces, which are easier to transmit than one large chunk of data. The problem with using this type of network design for ATM is that the old telephone network is circuit-switched, or in other words creates a physical direct connection between the source and destination during the transmission. ATM, therefore, is designed so that it can handle circuit-switched traffic on its packet-switched backbone. To accomplish this, ATM creates virtual circuit connections over the packet-based network between the source and the destination. These virtual circuit connections provision a set number of network resources dedicated to the connection between a specific source and destination, making it appear to the old telephone network that a circuit connection is established. This allows an ATM network to guarantee the same or greater quality of service for voice traffic as the old telephone network does, while at the same time providing a much greater level of service for data and video tra...
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... shifted to wireless IP-based systems. This shift is mostly due to IP’s built-in ability to handle transmission errors in the realm of wireless communications.
Works Cited
1) Ayanoglu, E., K.Y. Eng, M.J. Karol, “Wireless ATM: Limits, Challenges, and Proposals”, http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cache/papers2/cs/1647/http:zSzzSzwww.exit109.comzSz~enderzSzwatm.pdf/wireless-atm-limits-challenges.pdf, 1996.
2) Black, U. “ATM: Foundation for Broadband Networks”, Prentice Hall, 1995.
3) Peterson, L. and B. Davie. Computer Networks: A Systems Approach. 2nd edition, Morgan Kaufman, 2000.
4) Wasi, Atif S., “Wireless ATM”, ftp.netlab.ohio-stat,edu/pub/es/cis788-95/wireless_atm/index.htm, 1995.
5) “Wand Overview”, www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/~wand/SUMMARY/WAND_97.htm, 1996, 1997, 1998.
Electric cars have dated as far back as 1880, with the first model being mass produced in the later 1880’s. At early stages of automobiles, there were no clear benefits from either type of engine. In fact, a majority of cars in use at the time were electric. Steam and combustion engines were less developed and not as popular. Before the 1900’s an electric car held the land speed record for motor vehicles. (Bellis, 2014) As roads were built and the range that vehicles would need to travel increased, the need for a longer lasting vehicle rose. This is why at the turn of the century the popularity of gasoline powered engines arose. Electric vehicles were still valued for their short term transportation (within cities) and relatively easy use, but they began to lose prevalence as developments into combustion rose. Production for electric cars peaked in 1912 (Bellis, 2014) and saw a drastic decline since
There was a time in our life when going wireless was a dream and was considered highly expensive but then started the era of WIFI. The first outcome of this wireless transmission was IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless data transmission and it progressed as a/b/n with the time. The last stand 802.11n was the real heavyweight and gained a lot of popularity based on its amazing performance. It gave almost 5 times increase in bandwidth using MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna technique. The user experience for 802.11n standard was so good that it was called “end of an Ethernet” at that time. AC standard operates in the 5GHz band with some enhanced physical layer set with the idea of better video communication. It comes with more antennas, wider channels and more spatial stream along with a number of new features to boost throughput and reliability. This new IEEE 802.11ac technology is in reality only an up gradation of physical layer wireless technique used in 802.11n by the use of multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO) antenna technique. Few improvements done in 802.11ac and modified parameters can be studied as following:
In "Femininity and the Electric Car," Virginia Scharff examines the electric car, its history, and the targeted customers at which it was aimed.
Gaynor Ellis, Elisabeth, and Anthony Esler. ""New Economic Thinking"" World History: The Modern Era. Prentice Hall. 186. Print.
Human race is known to have developed numerous allergies to various known and unknown allergens. An extreme allergic reaction which can be “life-threatening”. (Mydr.com.au, 2014) is referred to as Anaphylaxis.It is a “medical emergency”(Lloyd & Sisman,2013).Statistics indicate that maximum deaths occur due to allergic reactions of various medicines. The other causative agents can be insects, food, latex, hair dye, etc(Lloyd & Sisman,2013). The most common trigger to stimulate anaphylaxis among children are food products such as peanuts, dairy, seafood etc. Exposure to any of these allergens can result in severe anaphylactic attack within 20 minutes.(Australian Resuscitation council, 2012).However the doctors discuss the history of symptoms occurring in children suffering with peanut allergy before declaring them to be anaphylactic and prescribing medication. (Unknown, 2014). Symptoms of anaphylaxis may occur in varied forms depending upon the severty of the reaction. For instance in mild cases swelling of lips, eyes or face occurs along with hives, rash, tingling of mouth and vomitting accompanied with abdominal pain. Nevertheless in extreme conditions the former symptoms may be accompanied with noisy breathing, wheezing, hoarseness and unconsciousness. (Lloyd & Sisman,2013).
Stewart, G., Manz, C., & Sims, H., (1999). Teamwork and Group Dynamics. New York: Wiley. pp. 70- 125.
had this intent in mind when they connected a computer network with various other radio and satellite networks.[1 Krol] They wanted a means of communicating within the U.S. military that could withstand partial outages, such a bomb attacks, and still function.[2 Krol]
Modigliania, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. The American Economic Review.
...ecting devices to a network, has recently been determined as a flawed security standard that can be used to gain access to the network.
Networks: The author mentions three major obstacles. First is wireless network capacity. The ability of wireless networks to transfer higher amounts of data at greater speeds without being prone to noise and multipath interference is a real test [2]. Second is the range of wireless networks. The range is limited and does not span across large areas limiting the use of wireless technology. Third is the integration between wired and wireless technologies. The integration among the two technologies is tough, challenging and needs improvement. Networking is an important challenge to pervasive
Berean¡¦s existing network infrastructure is wire line, and uses a T1. Remote users access the network through a dial-up modem pool. Berean¡¦s wire line network model severely limits the accessibility and effectiveness of the Berean network. For example, employees in Berean facilities are unable to access the network easily from meetings, the cafeteria, or anywhere other than their offices. In addition, the effectiveness of remote users is limited by the slow speed of present-day dial-up modem connections.
Nortel Networks' state-of-the-art DMS-100 Wireless product is a multi-functional switching system that integrates the industry's most respected DMS-100/200 (local/toll) wireline and DMS Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) digital wireless switching systems onto a single hardware platform. The DMS-100 Wireless offers a flexible and cost effective way for a service provider to establish a single point of presence in both traditional wireline and wireless markets, as well as new data and internet telephony markets. And, by delivering new integrated customer services such as a single voice mail box, one number capabilities, and feature transparency, service providers can pursue new revenue opportunities, increase customer satisfaction, and establish a market presence as a technology leader.
Scarnati, J. T. (2001). Cooperative learning: make groupwork work. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 67(Fall), 71-82.
In today’s society advances in technology are growing rapidly. Businesses and people are taking full advantage of the improving ways of transmitting data internally and externally. One of the mediums today in transmitting data is via wireless communication systems.
The 802.11a wireless networking standard is not as common as 802.11b but is still utilized in many wireless networks. Primarily used in Europe and other foreign countries, 802.11a operates at a higher frequency than 802.11b at 5 GHz and at a higher speed as well at 55mbps. There are some advantages and disadvantages however to using the 802.11a wireless networking standard. The first advantage is that it operates...