DNA vaccines have been researched, and scientists are trying to find ways to put them into use and cure diseases in humans and animals. Vaccines activate the protective immunity that is an effect natural infection, without having to become sick with an infection (Paul Offit, 2014). Vaccines reduced the probability of people today to get diseases like the measles, and other major infectious diseases (Anonymous, 2011). Vaccines are not always safe, and also lots of vaccines are not always as effective as wanted (Anonymous, 2011). Edward Jenner was a scientist and physician who first introduced the smallpox vaccine in 1796(Mary Quirk, N.d). Eric Simon, Jean Dickey, Jane Reece, and Neil Campbell (1967) state that DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents and ancestors. The information in DNA is made up of a code containing four letters A, G, C, and T (Anonymous, 2014). The order of these four letters in DNA determines how the organisms maintain its information (Anonymous, 2014). A DNA vaccine is where genetic material is injected into an organism; this can cause some of the cells to produce the gene product (Koprowski, 1998).
DNA vaccines have many advantages over normal vaccines (Anonymous, 2005). An advantage is that DNA vaccines are not as exposed to temperature change (Anonymous, 2005). Another advantage is DNA vaccines let more than one vaccine to be combined in one DNA vaccination; this could allow two diseases to be fought at the same time, within the same vaccination (Anonymous, 2005). Also once a vaccine model is developed; it’s easier for similar organisms to adapt (Anonymous, 2005). DNA vaccines only contain DNA and no infectious agents; therefore the vaccinations avoid the danger of reinf...
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... cellular reactions and affect the immunity (Anonymous, 2012).
DNA vaccines have been being researched for the past 20 years, and it has evolved quickly through clinical trials (Anonymous, 2012). DNA vaccines to control diseases in humans will be an outbreak, and scientists are starting to understand how they can make it work and control diseases in humans (Anonymous, 2013). These vaccines have many advantages and not a lot of downfalls, so if they work it will be very important (Anonymous, 2013). The DNA vaccines are meant to improve the immunity of the hosts and control diseases (Scuderi, 2003). DNA vaccine is much more reliable than normal vaccines, especially when using the gene gun because it is rapid and efficient (O'Brian, Lummis, N.d). Scientists have discovered many ways to control disease with DNA vaccines, and they will continue to run clinical trials.
Vaccine safety is one of the most controversial topics in today’s public discourse. Everyone has heard of them, but few know why they are so encouraged. A vaccine contains a weak or dead version of a microbe. This creates a small scale invasion of the immune system, which activates cells to destroy the microbe. Once these cells have been made they are always there to provide protection. This protection is immunity, for those cells are then able to recognize any live version of the same microbe and attack it immediately. This can save lives but also be dangerous, vaccines carry many other components which can cause side effects. These could be simple adverse effects such as a small cold or, in the rare case,
The first con to vaccines is that most diseases that vaccines target are mostly harmless, which makes the vaccine unnecessary. The main vaccines that we hear about are chicken pox, measles, and rubella. All of these diseases are normally harmless, chicken pox usually consists of a rash with blisters and can almost always be treated with calamine lotion, acetaminophen, and a cool compress. The measles is usually a rash with a fever and a runny nose. This can be treated with rest and fluids. Rubella is usually a virus with a rash and fever that can be treated with
The unforgettable story of vaccines is a story of triumph and controversy. The saddest part of the story is persistent ignorance and a lack of education, comingled with the personal need of some parents to explain away the problems of their children, have caused the controversy to arise. The good news is that the triumphant reality of vaccines as a whole is still the larger enduring legacy. The human papillomavirus vaccine is not an exception to this rule; in fact despite all the controversy surrounding the vaccine, it is one of medicine’s greatest lifesaving gifts to us.
Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and led to the near removal of wild polio virus. Vaccines have reduced some preventable infectious diseases to an all-time low, and now few people experience the devastating effects of measles, pertussis, and other illnesses.
A time where vaccines were beneficial was when small poxs found its way around the human population. It was only till the end of the 18th century where an effective vaccination created by Edward Jenner was made for
With vaccines more abundant we can eradicate harmful disease like HPV, influenza, and Hepatitis. All treatable and yet still common among many communities in the United States. The only chance is providing people the necessary information and requiring mandated immunizations with no exempts in every state. Then maybe we can eradicate those diseases and permanently wipe them off worldwide like small-pox. Vaccines are safe and if we continue providing them we could eventually face disease like HIV and even some cancer that have not ever been able to treat in the future.
A vaccination is the injection of weak disease-causing agents that help the body develop immunity against specific infectious diseases ("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?"). It is through these vaccinations that children will develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent ("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?"). The field of medicine has come a long way. Vaccines are considered to be one of the public health’s greatest accomplishments to date. With the help of vaccines and public health, the overall goal is to prevent disease and promote health.
Edward Jenner is often regarded as the “Father of Immunology” for his development of the smallpox vaccine. His remarkable discovery has laid the foundation for future scientists working with immunizations. Jenner’s impact is seen worldwide to this day with the complete eradication of the deadly smallpox virus. Edward Jenner’s Legacy will always live on as the first to vaccinate using a live virus. Vaccines are improving everyday, which benefits the public’s health, all thanks to Edward Jenner.
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus.
The history of vaccine started with the spread of smallpox disease. Smallpox was a contagious disease and, it was spreading fast leaving permanent scars on patients' faces or worse taking their lives. At the time, there were several attempt to treat and prevent smallpox, but Edward Jenner had the greatest rule in eliminating smallpox.“Jenner's work represented the first scientific attempt to control an infectious disease by the deliberate use of vaccination”. ( “Conclusion” 1,2). Nowadays, Statistics show significant reduction in the cases of infectious diseases after the widespread of vaccination. There were annually 63,000 cases of Pneumococcal among children in the United States. After the beginning of vaccination, the cases redu...
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientist use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape looks much like a twisted ladder and gives the DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.
Researchers are also looking for new ways to improve vaccines, and they use clinical research patients to do so. Clinical patients are being tested on to see if something works in the medical practice. Before a vaccine is created the researchers behind that certain vaccine have to do clinical research studies. In these clinical trials the patient is tested and if they fit the requirements then they are eligible to take place in the study. This can help people because if the vaccines work then the vaccines can be used to help other people. Also through clinical research they can help and improve the
Vaccines boost your immune system by helping the body to create antibodies for a specific disease so that next time a real infection comes along, your body is prepared for the infection which in turn aids in antibody resistance. Biotechnology has provided tools for understanding virulence, which is the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease (virulence meaning: Collins English Dictionary 2014) and how microbial immunogens function, and secondly it offers new ways for creating vaccines (Fields and Chanock, 1989). Vaccines were first invented by Edward Jenner in 1796 to protect against smallpox, which involved taking a blister from a person who was infected with cowpox and then injecting it into another person’s skin (iaff.org, 2014).... ... middle of paper ... ...
The disadvantage to a vaccine is that some need to be given yearly such as the flu shot. The flu shot is different every year based on what strain is going around at that time. This means that each year there is a different type of flu vaccine that needs to be produced for flu season. Live attenuated vaccines also can be a disadvantage because if they need to be sent over seas it is hard to do so because these types of vaccines need to be kept to a certain temperature which is hard to do when sent over seas. Also since they use living viruses these microbes could revert and form and cause disease. Live vaccines are difficult to create for bacteria’s. The reason they are difficult to create is because a bacterium has hundreds or thousands of genes and these are harder to