Cloning can be a natural process, it is not always man made. In humans, identical twins are an example of how clones do not always start off in a test tube. Human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during a natural process of reproduction. Although genes are recognised as influencing behaviour and understanding, genetically identical doesn’t mean altogether identical. Identical twins, regardless of being natural human clones with identical DNA, are separate people, with separate personalities and experiences. The relationship between an original and a clone is much like that between identical twins raised separately; they share the same DNA, but little of the same environment. This research will explore the science of twins, epigenetics and the fight to improve lives and combat disease.
Identical twins do not always look alike. The identical term refers to how the twins are formed, not how they look. The term for identical twins is, monozygotic. Monozygotic twins are formed from a single fertilised
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Because genetic makeup of monozygotic twins is nearly identical, phenotypic traits and heritable diseases such as autoimmune disease, cardiovascular, cancer, asthma and diabetes and mental health disease are often matching and manifest in both siblings, however these diseases can happen in only one sibling, suggesting other factors are involved such as environment playing a role in determining phenotypic differences (Genome, 2017). Epigenetic modifications, cellular changes that influence expression of genes are now widely recognised to influence phenotype and frequently occur in disease. As well as this, environmental factors such as diet and chemical exposure can change the epigenetic status of genes (Genome,
Twin studies have been used to distinguish between genetic and environmental factors for many disorders in the general population including ectodermal dysplasia, Ellis-van Creveld, and anencephaly. This review focuses on genetic disorders affecting monozygotic, dizygotic, and conjoined twins to gain a better understanding of them. Many studies focus on twins because they have a nearly identical genome, which eliminates environmental factors. In case studies, the concordance rates in monozygotic twins have supported that certain disorders were caused by genetics and not the environment. The discordant values in twins will also be evaluated briefly. Twinning studies have also shown linkages between specific disorders and the genes responsible for them. Knowing the location of these genes allows patients to be treated quickly and efficiently. This paper will discuss the possible causes of twinning and the various methods of identifying abnormalities in twins. These methods also allow preventive measures against the rise of birth defects during prenatal development. Epigenetics in twins is also viewed through the perspective of effects on them. Treatments for genetic disorders in twins are reviewed, ranging from the restoration of malformed teeth to the separation of conjoined twins. Support groups for twins in treatment, and their families are also briefly reviewed.
Another issue discussed is that human clones could be used as human farms or organ donors. Unthinkable as it may be, there is a fear that parents may clone their children for “spare parts.” Such a theory is ludicrous because parents of twins do not view one child as a spare part should the other break. She reasons that a clone would be looked upon as equally as a twin.
There has been a main focus sexual orientation that is both scientific and a social interest to the public. Studies of monozygotic twins have been brought to whole different spectrum. Society would see them as the same, considering they have the same genes. Some wouldn’t think about twins having different sexual orientation such as being heterosexual or homosexual. There have been studies that suggested family factor has a substantial impact on sexual orientation on identical twins. There was a greater similarity in the monozygotic twins than in the dizygotic twins. It was also said that genes could be a factor to identical twins. Some argue that is not genetic that makes one twin a different sexual orientation than the other twin.
As I walk through the crowded mall with my sister, little children stare, most adults do a discreet double take, and some bold adults question us outright. “Wow, are you twins?” “Do you know you look the same?” “What’s it like to be a twin?” “Do you have, like, psychic powers, or something with each other?” These are the most common questions twins hear. Almost all twins don’t really mind them and sometimes the attention is cool. Mostly, we just smile tolerantly at each other and answer them as best we can. After all, we don’t really know how to describe being a twin. We have never known anything else. Nonetheless, here we are. So, as a person who might not know exactly what she is talking about, I will try to briefly explanation to the general public the experience of being a genetic quirk.
An author from the twin’s network stated that, “A British scientist was the first to say that identical twins are identical biologically and may have come from a single egg” (Nagy 1). He was correct when he made this hypothesis. Identical twins form when a single fertilized egg splits usually one to fourteen days after conception (Wade 53). Identical twins are the same sex, they have the same chromosomes, and are the same blood type. Identical twins also mean monozygotic twins. According to the twin’s network, studies show that identical twins live longer than fraternal twins; they believe this is due to their close communication (Nagy 1).
It was Eng and Chang's fame that helped coin the phrase 'Siamese Twins'. It should be noted that they were not the first pair of conjoined twins recorded in medical annals. There were approximately one hundred pairs of conjoined twins known by the time of their 1811 births. This fact supported the King of Siam's decision to reverse an early death sentence on the brothers. Fact of the matter is, conjoined twins were recorded as early as 945 in Armenia with the first pair of successfully separated twins occurring in 1689 by German physician G. König. The term Siamese was later replaced with the more scientifically and sensitively correct and precise term conjoined.
It is true that identical twins have many similarities, but people tend to ignore their differences. The Jim twins, for example, may
Would clones understand themselves as creations or copies? Would cloning undermine the conception of a human being’s individuality? (Medicines’ Brave New World) Those are two of the most questioned aspects of human cloning. Everyone always wants to be their own person and have their own thought, basically, be as original as they can be. How original can you get when there’s someone out there thinking, doing, and looking exactly like you? Not very original, if you ask me. Human cloning, cloning of any kind, has been looked at as being creepy, scary, immoral, and in the most dismal way, exciting. Cloning of humans should be prohibited because it is offensive to the human life and religion.
Family members not only share genes but they also share a similar environment and lifestyle; therefore, a resemblance in traits may suggest a correlation between genetics and the environmental-lifestyle. Most individuals can determine the traits on the outside which are passed down from generation to generation such as eye color and hair color. Individuals do not always recognize the health traits which are not as visible, like being at risk for certain diseases such as asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart disease. Traits such as high blood pressure are influenced by both genes and environment or a “nature” and “nurture” process (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). In most diseases, biological factors such as heredity, age and gender can increase the probability of developing chronic conditions.
What is a human clone? It is just a period deferred indistinguishable twin. A clone has the precise DNA of the first. It would be an ordinary infant. A clone of someone in particular would have it's own memory and thought's absolutely free of the first. Clones would be human people and be ensured the privileges of one, under our constitution.
Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins. They occur when one fertilized egg splits and develops into two fetuses. The fetuses usually share one placenta. Identical twins have the same genes, so they generally look alike and are the same sex. Dizygotic twins are also known as fraternal twins. They develop when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. Each twin usually has its own placenta. Fraternal twins (like other siblings) share about 50 percent of their genes, so they can be different sexes. They generally do not look any more alike than brothers or sisters born from different pregnancies. Fraternal twins are more common than identical twins.
Epigenetics is the study of how our environment can affect our genes. The study of epigenetics is fairly new. Recently, researchers have learned how our environment and our nurturing can affect our genes. These factors can affect our behaviors as well as diseases and cancers. As mentioned before, humans have markers on top of their DNA which regulate what works and what doesn't. Research has shown that when a pregnant organism digests food rich in these markers, also known as methyl-groups, their offspring may lower their chances of having cancerous epigenetic changes. In one experiment, researchers fed pregnant female mice a methyl rich diet, in hopes that this will prevent their offspring from getting a gene that caused them to turn fat, yellow and prone to cancer and diabetes. Although their offspring was born with this gene, they were brown, slim and free of cancer and diabetes (“Epigenetics: How Our Experiences Affect Our Offspring”).
Cloning is a process by which genetically equal organisms are created with the same DNA. In simplest terms, clones are like twins born at different times. This procedure poses various dangers to society and humankind. One of the greatest threats this procedure creates is among
Conjoined twins, more commonly known as Siamese twins because of Chang and Eng Bunker, are considered extremely rare among populations. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, births of conjoined twins occur only once out of every 200, 000 births. Twins become conjoined when an embryo starts to divide but fails to complete the process. While the twins become a single entity, they are considered separate individuals. However, most conjoined twins do not survive after birth and when they do they tend to have problems with malformed organs that are shared. The research by the University of Maryland Medical Center concludes that the overall survival rate of these conjoined twins is somewhere between 5 and 25 percent. With that being said, conjoined twins are often viewed as curiosities and a rare occurrence in our society in general.
The Paradoxical Twins The Paradoxical Twins case study give an opportunity to evaluate from different angles the organization and structure of a business. Exposure of a complex behavior to different environments, circumstances, personal & social relationships, the two companies Acme & Omega electronics considered on this case study used to have the same organizational structure, under different management. Since they were sold to different investors, as a consequence of this, each company has its own procedures and company polices. The analysis of this case study will be focus to emphasize and apply relevant theories to identifying problems in the aspects Organisational, Management within the structure of Acme & Omega Electronics.