Devan Shanker Ms. Chow AS Chemistry 19 October 2016 Bismuth! Although many of Bismuth’s applications to modern life relate to more recent technology, surprisingly, experimentation with Bismuth dates back to 15th-century alchemy. At the time, most scientists believed Bismuth was a an isotope of lead, rather than a unique element, as a result of the elements’ similar appearances and densities. When the French chemist Claude-François Geoffroy published his experiments, proving the unique identity of Bismuth, in 1753, the element finally received a home on the periodic table. With an atomic mass of 208.980 amu, the most common forms of Bismuth are 20883Bi and 20983Bi. Bismuth is a solid at 0° C, with a melting point of 271° C and a boiling point of 1564° C. Just …show more content…
Although Bismuth is mined in countries all over the world, including Peru, Japan, Mexico, and Canada, Bolivia is the world’s primary supplier of Bismuth. Bismuth only naturally occurs twice as much as gold in the Earth’s crust, but it is also a byproduct of smelting and refining many metals including gold, silver, lead, copper, and tin. Many compounds contain traces of Bismuth, such as bismuth subsalicylate, found in medical antacids such as Pepto-Bismol. Bismuth germinate is a scintillator, which emits light in response to gamma ray exposure, and is therefore highly valued in physics experiments. Other examples of compounds containing Bismuth include bismanol, a Bismuth-Magnesium combination used to create permanent magnets, used by the US Naval Surface Weapons Center, and bismuth telluride, a semiconductor and thermoelectric compound used in refrigerators. Bismuth is also a common component of makeup, paint, bullets, and alloys in detection systems and fire extinguishers. With all of these uses, it may come as a surprise that Bismuth is a radioactive material. Fortunately, the half-life of bismuth is 1.9×1019 (19,000,000,000,000,000,000) years
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
Sulfur Natarsha Harris Introduction to Chemistry Professor Michael Jones June 7, 2017. Sulfur goes back to the ancient times, but it was called brimstone. In 1979, a French chemist named Antoine Lavoisier recognized sulfur was an element and added it to his list of elements. The element sulfur is considered a nonmetal and is the 10th most abundant element in the universe. On the periodic table, sulfur is in group sixteen
Procedure: Anisole (0.35mL, 0.0378mol) was obtained and placed in a pre-weighed 25 mL round bottom flask, along with 2.5 mL of glacial acetic acid and a magnetic stir bar. Then the reaction apparatus was assembled, the dry tube was charged with conc. sodium bi sulfate, the 25 mL round bottom was attached to the apparatus, and 5 mL of Br2/HBr mixture was obtained and placed in the round bottom. The reaction took place for 20 minutes. An orange liquid was obtained and placed in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask along with 25 mL of water and 2.5 mL of conc. Sodium bisulfate soln. The solution was then placed in an ice bath to precipitate and then the solid product was filter in a Buchner funnel. These crystals were then re-dissolved minimum amount of hot solvent (heptane) and recrystallized. Once a dry product was obtained, a melting point was established (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C) and percent yield was established (52%).
middle of paper ... ... The Web. 22 Feb. 2014. http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history>.
Although some of the elements have been known for thousands of years, our understanding of many elements is still young. Mendeleev’s first Periodic Table contained only 63 elements, and about that many were discovered in the following 100 years. Just like countries, emperors, philosophers, and cities, elements have histories, too.“The Disappearing spoon” by Sam Kean, is a detailed history of the elements on the Periodic Table. Kean does a important job of telling every single element’s journey throughout the history of mankind: from the earliest times, when chemistry was intermingled with alchemy, to these days of modern chemistry. For example: Thallium is considered the deadliest element, pretending to be potassium to gain entry into our cells where it then breaks amino acid bonds within proteins. The CIA once developed a plan to poison Fidel Castro by dosing his socks with thallium-tainted
The Beryllium element, an alkaline earth metal which belongs to group II of the periodic table, was first discovered in 1798 by L.M. Vauquelin. Vauquelin,a French chemist, was doing work with aluminum and noticed a white powder that was nothing like that of aluminum or any of its derivatives. Vauquelin named this mystery powder, gluinium because of its sweet taste was like that of glucose. In 1828, Wohler, a German metallurgist reduced it to its metallic form and renamed it beryllium.(figure 2)
Barium is a soft, heavy, silver-colored metal element. This element does not have very many uses outside of the laboratory, but it combines easily with other chemicals to form compounds used for important industrial uses. For example, Barium carbonate is used in the manufacture of ceramics and special glass, and also to purify certain chemical solutions. It is also an ingredient in clay slurries, also known as water muds, used in drilling oil wells. Barium titanate is used in sonar detectors and other electrical equipment. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant and at higher doses affects the nervous system eventually leading to paralysis. Acute and subchronic oral doses of barium cause vomiting and diarrhea, followed by decreased heart rate and elevated blood pressure. Higher doses result in cardiac irregularities, weakness, tremors, anxiety, and dyspnea. A drop in serum potassium may account for some of the symptoms. Death can occur from cardiac and respiratory failure. Acute doses around 0.8 grams can be fatal to humans. Barium nitrate makes signal flares burn with a green flame. Barium ferrite is used to make magnets. Barium sulfate is an extremely insoluble barium compound that is not poisonous. Doctors use it in X-ray examinations of a patient's digestive system. The barium sulfate absorbs X rays to show an outline of the intestines on the developed film. A barium enema is performed to examine the walls of the colon. During the procedure, a well lubricated enema tube is inserted gently into the rectum. The barium is then allowed to flow into the colon. The flow of the barium is monitored by the health care provider on an X-ray fluoroscope screen. The test is used to detect colon cancer. The barium enema may also be used to diagnose and evaluate the extent of inflammatory bowel diseases. Barium sulfate and zinc sulfide form lithopone, a white coloring matter for paint. Barium is never found in a pure state because it combines so easily with other elements. Pure barium is obtained by passing an electric current through a fused barium compound, such as barium chloride. A piece of barium metal quickly reacts with oxygen and water vapor in the air to form barium oxide. It must be stored under kerosene to keep it pure. Barium is found most often as barium sulfate in the mineral barite. The chemical symbol for barium is Ba.
-Canada discovered that with nuclear fission of these two chemicals they could start chain reactions that would give a lot of disastrous heat energy. (Pitt Education)
This uneasiness is a result of events over the past one hundred years showing the dangers of radiation. Although most accidents today leading to death from radiation poisoning occur from human error or faults in equipment, the incident involving the now named "radium girls" transpired from lack of public awareness and safety laws. (introduce topics of the paper) The Radium Luminous Material Corporation was founded in 1914 (renamed in 1921 to the United States Radium Corporation) by Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and Dr. George S. Willis becoming the first U.S. company to produce radioluminescent paint. The paint used by this particular company was the trademarked "Undark", invented by William J. Hammered through mixing radium, zinc sulfide and glue with the help of Marie and Pierre Currie and Henri Becquerel.
George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermen. "The Origin of Chemical Elements." [Online] 1 April 1948. .
Thickett, Geoffrey. Chemistry 2: HSC course. N/A ed. Vol. 1. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2006. 94-108. 1 vols. Print.
Lead is a lustrous, silvery metal that tarnishes in the presence of air and becomes a dull bluish gray. Soft and flexible, it has a low melting point (327 °C). Its chemical symbol, Pb, is from plumbum, the Latin word for waterworks, because of lead's extensive use in ancient water pipes. Itsatomic number is 82; its atomic weight is 207.19.
Bisphenol A otherwise known as BPA is a manmade polymer that could have been found in most plastics until it was tested that BPA mimics estrogen. Bisphenol A was a key ingredient in the development of many polycarbonates such as DVDs, capacitors, some modern bumpers for cars, toys and water bottles. Bisphenol A has one main property that made it stand out from other competitors, it was a clear plastic. [1] This is really important because when adding the “building blocks” to a system, the system will build off of the properties of the blocks. One example would be carbon black, carbon black is great at absorbing thermal energy, however it will turn the substance black. In addition to its clear coating that Bisphenol A has, Bisphenol A is produced
Barites are a solid mineral that combines barium and sulfur. It is composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4). The word barite is a Greek word derived from the word “barys” which means “heavy” which is with regards to its high specific gravity which makes it exceptionally suitable for its many applications in areas of medicine, manufacturing and industrial uses. Barite is the principal ore of barium. Pure barites contain the following below (“Barite Mineral Data,” n.d.)
A. A. The "Bisphenol A" National Geographic, 18 Sept. 2008. Web. The Web. The Web. 8 Mar. 2014.