Shigella Infection, Adult
A shigella infection is a condition that affects the intestines. It can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other problems. Most people with this condition make a full recovery. However, in rare cases some people can develop lasting problems, such as arthritis and kidney problems.
A shigella infection usually lasts 5 to 7 days. It can spread from person to person (contagious).
CAUSES
This condition is caused by shigella bacteria. You can get this condition if you come into contact with the stool of someone who has the condition. This can happen if you:
Eat a food or drink a liquid that has the bacteria on it.
Touch something that has the bacteria on it and put your hand in your mouth.
Swim in water
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
One the saliva washes away any food source for these bacteria and some of these bacteria themselves and is then swallowed and digested. Two lactoferrin that is produced binds any iron present in the mouth prevent any bacteria from using iron in their multiplication process (Sherwood et al., 2013). Three an enzyme lysozyme breaks down the cell walls of some bacteria thus causing the bacteria to undergo lysis. Four a glycoprotein named salivary agglutin forms a complex with IgA (antibody) which then proceeds to bind to bacteria present (Sherwood et al.,
Clostridium difficile infection often causes a disease known as pseudomembranous colitis. It is an inflammation of the intestine caused by Toxin A and B. Cell death and fluid accumulation stimulate the release of histamine and this causes inflammation. It is characterized by foul smelling diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Complications that may arise include dehydration due to loss of water and electrolytes caused by excessive diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and in extreme cases death.2
This condition may be caused by a bacterial infection or infection with a parasite called an amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica). In rare cases, it can also be caused by infection with a fungus called Candida.
She notices she has about 5-6 watery bowel movements mostly bloody with white stuff like mucus or pus
The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed, Symptoms may include but not limited to severe abdominal pain often in the lower left side of the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and fever.
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacillus that causes inflammation of the GI tract and in some cases, if the immune response is not sufficiently powerful and treatment is not administered, can become systemic and cause even more serious conditions throughout the body. After ingestion, these bacteria cause infection by invading the epithelial cells of the small intestine and macrophages. Though there are more than two thousand different subspecies of Salmonella, few of them are able to cause serious conditions in humans—for most, the disease resolves itself in a matter of days. Those who are most affected by Salmonella infection are infants, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. Some of the main conditions caused by Salmonella are gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and bacteremia, while the general symptoms of salmonella include vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. While there are typically few to no long-term effects as a result of a Salmonella infection, more serious complications may arise.
It usually starts with a skin rash and gradually develops on the body and head. The rash appears on the second day after the person gets the infection. Finally the rash forms into blisters which then burst and scabs over. It is highly communicable and easily spreads through cough and sneezes. Pregnant women and people who have a suppressed immune system have a higher tendency and are at a risk of severe complication. The incubation period of the disease is between 2-3 weeks. During winter and spring season, people are more prone to get the disease and become infected.
Bacterial vaginosis is known to be the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age (Hay, 2010). Bacterial vaginosis is the result of the substitution of normal vaginal lactobacilli with anaerobic bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides spp., which will result loss of the normal vaginal acidity (Turovskiy, Sutyak Noll, & Chikindas, 2010). Bacterial vaginosis is the main trigger of vaginal discharge or malodor in women (Hainer & Gibson, 2011). Studies specify that most women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis are unaware of the infection; however, the fishy odor smell that accompanies this infection is usually a hallmark for its diagnosis (Hainer & Gibson, 2011).
This experiment will also be using saliva to test the microbial diversity in the mouth. Methods Isolation of Normal Microbiota: obtain a blood agar plate, TSA plate, sterile Moisten swabs, Bunsen burner, and sterile saline.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the major route of pathogen transmission in health care is via direct contact2. Therefore, washing of the hands and practicing good hand hygiene is considered to be the most efficient means of preventing the transmission of pathogens3. There are two prescribed means of maintaining hand hygiene1. The first is the use of alcohol-based hand rub solution if the hands are not visibly soiled and the second is washing the hands with soap and water1,4. This is required if the hands are visibly soiled, contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids, and after using the restroom. Additionally, hands must be washed if there has been exposure to spore-forming microorganisms and pathogens1.
Hospital acquired infections are one of the most common complications of care in the hospital setting. Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquired during the stay in the hospital. These infections can cause an increase number of days the patients stay in the hospital. Hospital acquired infections makes the patients worse or even causes death. “In the USA alone, hospital acquired infections cause about 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths per year”(secondary).
Schistosomiasis is also known as the bilharzia or snail fever a disease that caused by infection with fresh water such as lakes and rivers is where the parasitic worms lives. The site or the areas that is worm can be found is in Africa, The Middle East, Southeast, Asia, and the Caribbean. A community car wash in Lake Victoria Kenya they have some of the highest levels of schistosomiasis in the world and many people have died in the community from this disease.
Some people who get this the disease are prone to becoming carriers of the bacteria. They can continue to release S. typhi in their urine and or stool for years, likewise spreading the disease. They might never even know they are causing such harm, but essentially this is one ...