Weese and Martin did a study in 2011 testing commercial probiotic supplements. They found that many of the products did not meet standards printed on the label. It has also been found that some commercial probiotics that claim to be beneficial, but do not contain microorganisms that are located within the horse. If this is the case, the microbes stand little to no chance of survival or colonization (Mirlohi et al. 2009). Currently in the United States, there are not any approved equine probiotics because they are classified as drugs. To be approved and considered a drug, it must meet the requirement set by the Food and Drug Authority (FDA). Labeling the product accurately is all that is required. An alternative classification is ‘generally …show more content…
Not enough studies have been done to confirm if feces samples can be a valid representation of the large intestine microbial population. There are vast changes that occur from the stomach to the rectum. This leads to the conclusion that the microbes would also change along the digestive tract. (Dougal et al 2012). Schoster et al. reports that in order to have a positive representation from fecal samples, the microbes must have shed when the sampling took place. It is unknown how often shedding occurs or how often fecal samples should be taken in order to determine the amount of shedding. This pertains to probiotics as well (Schoster et al. 2014). In opposition to those studies, other studies have shown that fecal samples can be a satisfying representation (Costa and Weese 2012). Dougal et al. reported that the feces most closely represented the microbes from the colon, but not the cecum. In this case, feces may not be appropriate to use when deciphering diseases where the cecum needs to be studied. Schoster et al. found that feces best represented the microbes located in the cecum (Schoster et al. 2013). In 2010, Sadet-Bourgeteau et al. conducted a study that showed there was a similarity between the two areas, suggesting that the microbial population does not abruptly change, but changes slowly (Dougal et al. 2012). With so many factors that can change a result, it is difficult to determine the best
Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 108 S. Ct. 592, 98 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1988).
State the title of the article, the name of the publication in which it appeared and the date of publication.
Clostridium difficile, otherwise known as C. diff, is a species of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that is known to cause watery diarrhea. 1 The genus name, Clostridium refers to the spindle shape of the organism while Difficile means difficult in Latin due to the fact that this organism thrives in unfavorable conditions and is very difficult to isolate.4 The incidence of getting CDI has increased over the years due to new strains of increased toxin production of the bacteria and increased resistance to antibiotics.2 It is a gastrointestinal infection, and the most common cause of infectious diarrhea.1 C. difficile was first identified in the feces of healthy newborns back in the 1930’s and by 1935, it was considered normal flora. 2 During 1974, researchers conducted that about 21% of patients that were treated with an antibiotic called clindamyacin reported diarrhea and about 10% of them reported to have conducted pseudomembranous colitis as a side effect of this treatment. 2 It was in 1978 where C. diff had been known to cause anti-biotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. 2 It is known to form spores that resist many disinfectants; it also survives for several months on different surfaces.1 It is a common form of a nosocomial infection and the prevalence of becoming infected with C. diff is about 0-15% in a health care setting. 3 The spores survive well in environments such as soil, water and animals and is distributed worldwide. 4 CDI produces two toxins (Toxin A and B), which are cytotoxic and cause tissue necrosis.4
In the case or Yost v. Rieve Enterprises, Inc. Rieve Enterprises engages into a contract with Mr. Yost for a lease to purchase deal. The facts of the case are that Rieve visited the Red Barn Barbecue Restaurant with the intention of purchasing. Rieve and Mr. Yost entered into a contract after Rieve conducted a visual inspection of the premises. The deal was to include a five year lease with the option to buy the land and building. Prior to the sale, the Red Barn had been cited for numerous health code violations. Mr. Yost had these all corrected and disclosed this information. Mr. Yost then warranted that “the premises will pass all inspections” to conduct business. Shortly after Rieve Enterprises
Marvin Pickering was a science high school teacher in Will County, Illinois. Pickering was dismissed from his job after he wrote a letter to the editor of the local paper, Lockport Harold. The letter was sarcastically criticizing the way his superintendent and school board raised and spent funds. The superintendent and school board took offense to the comments within the letter and dismissed Marvin Pickering from his teaching job.
A growing issue in the world today is the use of antibiotics and growth hormones in animal production industry. However, for over sixty years Americans have been exposed to hormones on a regular basic when they consume beef. (Organic Consumer Association) On average eighty percent of all feedlot cattle are given hormones to help them grow at an increased rate. (Communication Foundation) “In 1988 the European Union banned the use of all hormone growth promoters.” (Organic Consumer Association)
- If all of the options were explored, and patient is given antibiotics and is treated without any pain or suffering than the treatment identifies with the ethnical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, and veracity. In turn, Mrs. Dawson will be happy with the outcome of the procedure.
Colon cleansing not only ensures a better chance of you to avoid colon cancers but also other diseases like the Crohn's Disease and
To understand the human gut health and aetiology, the first step is to understand the gastrointestinal (GI) microflora and its distribution through the digestive system [2]. The human GI tract is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms, which together is known as the microbiota [5]. These microorganisms come from both archeal and bacterial domains. Bacteria are the predominant kingdom of organisms and it is composed mainly by five bacterial phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia [3]. The great majority of mammalian gut microbiota belongs to the three phyla: the Gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroidetes, the Gram-positive Actinobacteria and Firmicutes [5].
Dean White is a 16 year old white sophomore at George Washington Carver High School, and he lives in the semirural South. Dean lives with his father, who own an auto repair job. His parents are divorced, and they have both remarried. Dean’s mother lives in another state, and Dean’s school work started to go downhill when his parents divorced, and Dean’s grades picked up to a “C” since then. Dean’s father has not encouraged him to go to college, and his father told him he could work at his auto repair job. Dean friends are all creating plans for college, and he feels left out. Dean goes to a vocational trade classes; nevertheless, the prospect of being a mechanic does not make him cheerful. Dean has a few friends; consequently,
Visser, Nick. "After Fears Of Antibiotic Resistance, 25 Drug Companies To Phase Out Use In Livestock." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 May 2014. .
However, health concerned organizations want to ban the use of these products due to the increasing fears that they can cause harm to the consumers. For over 50 years, antibiotics have been added to the food of animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs. The main purpose for doing so is to lower the risk of disease in animals. Farm animals are housed together in overcrowded areas, which are very dirty. The hygiene level can get to such a poor state that they are often in contact with their own excreta as well as excreta of the other animals they are housed with and because of tight single air space they share, the likelihood of catching diseases from one another is further increased and very often a whole heard can be infected at one time.
Among hospitalized patients around the world, Clostridium difficile is the primary source of infectious diarrhea. Previously, continuously unbalanced intestinal microbiota, usually due to antimicrobials, was deemed a precondition of developing the infection. However, recently, there have been alterations in the biology from virtually infecting the elderly population exclusively, wherein the microbiota in their guts have been interrupted by antimicrobials, to currently infecting individuals within of all age groups displaying no recent antimicrobial use. Furthermore, recent reports have confirmed critical occurrences among groups previously assumed to be of minimal risk—pregnant women, children, and individuals with no previous exposure to antimicrobials, for instance. Unfortunately, this Gram-positive, toxin-producing anaerobic bacterium is estimated to cost US critical care facilities $800 million per year at present, suggesting the need for effective measures to eliminate this nosocomial infection (Yakob, Riley, Paterson, & Clements, 2013).
Lendlease is a leading international property and infrastructure group, with a business model that contains three basic components. Those three components are development, construction and investments. In development, they focus on developing communities, apartments, retail areas and social/economic infrastructure. In construction, they focus on defense, commercial, residential sectors and pharmaceutical buildings. In investing, the investment management platform also includes the Group’s ownership interest in property and infrastructure co-investments, retirement living and US military housing. Lendlease is an Australian company but has business headquarters in 4 regions of the world. These regions are Australia, Asia, Europe
It is estimated that over one-half of the antibiotics in the U.S. are used in food animal production. The overuse of antimicrobials in food animal production is an under-appreciated problem. In both human and veterinary medicine, the risk of developing resistance rises each time bacteria are exposed to antimicrobials. Resistance opens the door to treatment failure for even the most common pathogens and leads to an increasing number of infections. The mounting evidence of the relationship between antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and the increase in bacterial resistance in humans has prompted several reviews of agricultural practices by scientific authorities in a number of countries, including the US.