Watson and Rayner’s Classical Study with Llittle Albert
analytical Essay
1737 words
In the following essay I will be looking into the study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘Little Albert’. The experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by Ivan Pavlov, depicting the conditioning of stimulus response in dogs. Watson and Rayner aimed to teach Albert to become fearful of a placid white rat, via the use of stimulus associations, testing Pavlov’s earlier theory of classical conditioning.
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
The study by Watson and Rayner was to further the research of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines, in reference to salivation and conditioned emotional response. Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was rang each time a dog was fed; ultimately the animal would befall conditioned to salivate at just the sound of the bell, even where food is was no longer present (The Salivation reflex). Watson and Rayner set out to further the research of conditioned stimulus response, with little Albert. ‘These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors.’ (B.Watson, R Rayner , 1920).
Watson and Rayner were interested in finding out about human responses and emotional reactions, based on conditioned responses. With the main hypothesis explai...
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... are transferable. 3) The effects of time on conditioned emotional responses are shown to display a slight decrease in fear and an increase of manipulation, but ultimately the conditioned fear response still lies present.
Works Cited
D. A. Powell, (2004), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pages 11127-11130.
John B.Watson, R Rayner, (February, 1920), Journal of Experimental Psychology, Conditioned Emotional Reactions, Vol. lll, No. i.
Jones, C. M., (1924, 31), A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter, Pedagogical Seminary, pp. 308–315.
Nancy Boyd Willey and Malcolm M. Willey, (July, 1924) The American Journal of Sociology, The Conditioned Response and the Consciousness of Kind, Vol.30, No. 1, pp. 22-28
Watson, John B.; R Rayner, (March 2000) Conditioned emotional reactions, American Psychologist, Vol 55(3), 313-317.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the study conducted by watson and rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘little albert’. the experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by ivan pavlov.
- Describes the study's background, main hypotheses, aims, procedure and results, and explains the four research methods chosen to investigate.
- States that watson and rayner's study was to further the research of ivan pavlov, a russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines.
- Analyzes the study conducted by watson and rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘little albert’. the experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by ivan pavlov.
- Describes the study's background, main hypotheses, aims, procedure and results, and explains the four research methods chosen to investigate.
- States that watson and rayner's study was to further the research of ivan pavlov, a russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines.
- Explains that watson and rayner were interested in finding out about human responses and emotional reactions, based on conditioned responses.
- Explains that watson and rayner aimed to investigate 'can we condition fear of an animal by visually presenting it and simultaneously striking a steel bar?'
- Explains that watson and rayner conducted tests to determine if a fear induced reaction could be introduced by presenting rat to albert.
- Analyzes how watson and rayner's results show a completely conditioned fear response when albert is presented with the rat, supporting pavlovian techniques.
- Explains that for watson and rayner to investigate this, it was important to introduce the variables little albert originally encountered with no conditioned fear response.
- Explains that little albert showed a conditioned fear response, confirming stimulus generalization.
- Explains that when albert was presented with trials from watson, he began to show signs of stimulus generalization of emotional discomfort. the results of the second research question were confirmed.
- Compares watson and rayner's third research question: what is the effect of time upon such conditioned emotional responses?
- Illustrates the conditioned emotional response of fear in test 7. the rabbit touched the rabbit's ear with his right hand and began to cry.
- Explains that if fear can be induced, it leads to the question, can these fears also be removed?
- Concludes that watson and rayner's study shows that conditioned emotional responses are not only transferrable, but are still apparent with an absence of time.
- Analyzes how the effects of time on conditioned emotional responses are shown to display a slight decrease in fear and an increase of manipulation.
- Cites powell's international encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, and jones' a laboratory study of fear: the case of peter.
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- Explains that generalization is defined as the extension of the association between us and cs to a broad array of similar stimuli.
- Cites feist, g. j., and rosenberg, e. l. (2012). learning. in psychology: perspectives & connections.
1876 wordsRead More - Animal Conditioning Case Studyexplanatory essayAll the previous tests were done on a table with a mattress in a dark room with a little light. They showed the rabbit and dog with the sound of steel bar striking to freshen up Albert’s reaction before they tested again in a different environment. After he was taken to a brighter and bigger room while four adults were present, his reactions towards all animals got a little more positive but however, there was still slight bit of negative response. The dog suddenly barked which triggered a negative reaction and marked fear response in Albert while he was in that room. This part of the study showed that conditioned responses transfers even in different environments. Unfortunately Little Albert was removed from the hospital right after these tests were done so Watson did not get a chance to test methods of detachment of the conditioned response. He did however come up with several methods he would have tried on Albert like confronting him with what triggered his response continuously. Watson (2000) stated specifically, “By trying to "recondition" by showing objects calling out fear responses (vsual [sic]) and simultaneously stimulating the erogenous zones (tactual). We should try first the lips, then the nipples and as a final resort the sex organs” (p. 316). The other method he would have used would be to give Albert candy or food as the animal was shown to recondition his
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how albert tried to reach for the white rat, but jumped and fell. he was tested with his blocks to see if it shared in the process of conditioning.
- Describes how watson wanted to know if fear could be transferred to other animals. he placed a rabbit in front of albert, leaned away from the rabbit, and crawled away crying.
- Explains that watson did not get a chance to test methods of detachment of the conditioned response on albert.
- Narrates how albert tried to reach for the white rat, but jumped and fell. he was tested with his blocks to see if it shared in the process of conditioning.
- Describes how watson wanted to know if fear could be transferred to other animals. he placed a rabbit in front of albert, leaned away from the rabbit, and crawled away crying.
- Explains that watson did not get a chance to test methods of detachment of the conditioned response on albert.
- Explains how watson's experiment is the perfect example of how emotion can be classically conditioned.
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