INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Boiler Tube The purpose of boiler is to convert water into steam. The steam can be used for various usages such as driving an engine to generate electricity, heating purpose and for other industrial process applications. The boiler consists of several types, which include water tube boiler, fire tube boiler, packaged boiler, fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler, atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boiler and so forth. The most popular boilers that used in many industries are water tube and fire tube boiler. Water tube boiler is the one with water flowing through the tubes that enclosed in a furnace heated externally while fire tube boiler comprises of fire or hot flue gas directed through tubes surrounded by water. 1.2 Problem Statement The common causes of the metallurgical failure of the tubes in water tube boiler are due to tube temperature higher than expected in the original design. Tube …show more content…
[1] that has many experiences for the 25-years period ending in 1980 gives the list of the breakdown between mechanical and corrosion failure and further classify the various kinds of failures, locations, and materials. 81% of the boiler tube failure is due to mechanical, consist of high temperature failure (short time) 65.8%, creep (high temperature/long time) 8.6%, and others 6.6%, while boiler failures caused by corrosion is 19%. Viswanathan et al. [4] reported that the material behavior in contact with steam at high temperature is of general concern due to the formation of the oxide scales which in turn elevate the fireside metal temperature. As a consequence, as the metal temperature increases, the oxide layers develop more quickly El-Bataghy A-M. 5 In many cases these two mechanisms are related to each other in augmenting failure in boiler tubes. Long-term overheating is the net effect of formation of oxide deposit layers, which will lead to failure due to accelerated
measures the temperature of the water if you were to use it. The top of the small chamber is covered by
For best performance in flame retardancy without deteriorating the mechanical properties (tensile strength), the optimum ratio of APP/MEL was found to be 3:1 with loading of 30%. Besides this the incorporation APP and/or APP and MEL into composites promoted the char formation and correspondingly improved the thermal stability [79].
In the late 1600’s, coal miners faced many different problems while attempting to complete their task of mining as much coal as possible. Perhaps the most threatening problem to the miners was water that would enter the mines while the miners were digging. A man by the name of Thomas Savery was especially drawn to the problem of water in coal mines, and he set out to look for an efficient and effective way to help remove the water from the mines to allow the miners to continue working. Savery drew inspiration from Denis Papin, and through using the principles of thermodynamics, and also by drawing from Papin’s idea for a steam engine (“Denis Papin”), Savery began working on his own steam engine. His machine worked by introducing pressurized steam to a tall tube with water at the base.
Don’t wait until the first dark days of winter to make sure your furnace is operational. Schedule furnace repair services with Rutkowski Plumbing & Heating now, and face the cold weather with confidence.
Stainless steel, especially, Austenitic stainless steel, because of their high corrosion resistance and customizable mechanical properties has become an indispensable part of the regularly evolving modern day technology. Stainless steels of various grades find applications in numerous fields starting from the household to the nuclear reactors; from food and beverage cans to construction of different automobile parts. The formation of impervious oxide layer on the surface makes it suitable for use in adverse environments such as sea water.
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate eugenol or clove oil from cloves using steam distillation and determine whether it is an efficient way to carry out this experiment. Also, TLC and 1H NMR were preformed to analyze the purity of the isolated eugenol.
9. Tsung-Chih Wu, Chi-Hsiang Chen, Chin-Chung Li “Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423007001362, 2008.
"The general idea is an old one, that any two cells or systems of cells that are repeatedly active at the same time will tend to become 'associated', so that activity in one facilita...
Harm to the ecosystem by using alternative methods of ballast water treatment prevented or can be reduce. It may seem as the only way to reduce the risk of ballast water treatment, although in theory, the development of ballast water exchange standard ballast water treatment methods, intake port to the facility including the removal of the criteria can be evaluated with the method.
For the generation of electricity, hot water, at temperatures ranging from about 700 degrees F, is brought from the underground reservoir to the surface through production wells, and is flashed to steam in special vessels by release of pressure. The steam is separated from the liquid and fed to a turbine engine, which turns a generator. In turn, the generator produces electricity. Spent geothermal fluid is injected back into peripheral parts of the reservoir to help maintain reservoir pressure. If the reservoir is to be used for direct-heat application, the geothermal water is usually fed to a heat exchanger before being injected back into the earth. Heated domestic water from the output side of the heat exchanger is used for home heating, greenhouse heating, vegetable drying and a wide variety of other uses.
The handle of the kettle look simple and is curved with balance” (Abdulaziz . par 5). These unique design elements that Bernhs created combined gave the kettle a industrial design look to them, balanced yet very modern and trendy during that time period. The last design standard of industrial design was the use of technology in this product. This technology used inside the kettle was a very innovative design; there was no product like it. In fact, according to collections.com, in the Inside of the kettle there was electric wiring, and it ran along the inside of the kettle. This technology heated the liquid up (either tea or coffee) in the kettle just by plugging it into the wall (collections .par 1). This innovative industrial technology made it possible for people’s lives to be easier, it allowed people to use this appliance anytime and anywhere. Looking at this invention, this was a unique industrial artifact because it was not only a household appliance that convenient to use anywhere, it was also a stylish statement piece in any household. This is an example of form follows
Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Many common place things know today are made from metals; bridges, utensils, vehicles of all modes of transport, contain some form of metal or metallic compound. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals, accompanied by their many compounds and alloys, similar properties, high and low corrosion levels, and affects, whether negative or positive, are a grand force to be reckoned with.
Water tap has become an important part for household, business, and also buildings. Modern water tap nowadays are well engineered and can long last but depend on the types of the materials. Many people would prefer to replace the design when remodeling. There are many reasons that causes failure modes for water tap.
turbine via interceptor valves and control valves and after expanding enters the L.P. turbine stage via 2 numbers of cross over pipes. In the L.P. stage the steam expands in axially opposite direction to counteract the trust and enters the condenser placed directly below the L.P. turbine. The cooling water flowing throughout the condenser tubes condenses the steam and the condensate collected in the hot well of the condenser. The condensate collected is pumped by means of 3*50% duty condensate pumps through L.P. heaters to deaerator from where the boiler feed pump delivers the water to boiler through H.P. heaters thus forming a closed