The forth step in water treatment is a disinfection. During this stage, disinfectants will be added to kill or inactivate microorganisms that can cause disease in humans. The research on the water sample shows presence of protozoa that cause diseases such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri (Nemerow, Agardy, Sullivan, & Salvato, 2009). Some protozoa and viruses, which may present in water supplies are extremely harmful. There are two kinds of disinfection which is primary disinfection and secondary disinfection. Primary disinfection functioning in killing or inactivation of microorganism in the desired level while secondary disinfection maintains a disinfectant effectiveness that prevent from the microorganisms grow again. Disinfection treatment methods include chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet light. Chlorination is the most common method of disinfection used to treat water for municipal and individual supplies. It is because chlorination method is easy to conduct and cheapest compare to other method. In municipal supply systems, chlorine is used basically in three forms which are chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite solution and solid calcium hypochlorite (Cheremisinoff, 1995). Chlorine is very effective for removing almost all microbial pathogens and is appropriate as both a primary and secondary disinfectant. Unfortunately, this method will produce water in which the chlorine can be smelt and tasted by users which most of them find it unpleasant. Binnie and Kimber (2009) stated that the problem can be overcome by dechlorination process after sufficient time for disinfection process. The water will be added with sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfate which reduces the chlorine to chloride (Binnie & Kimber, ... ... middle of paper ... ..., Sullivan, P., & Salvato, J. A. (Eds.). (2009). Environmental engineering: Water, wastewater, soil and groundwater treatment and remediation (6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 2. Cheremisinoff, P. N. (1995). Handbook of water and wastewater treatment technology. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3. Binnie, C. & Kimber, M. (2009). Basic water treatment (4th ed.). London, UK: Thomas Telford Limited. 4. Lajeunesse, A., Blais, M., Benoit, B., Sauve, S., & Gagnon, C. (2013). Ozone oxidation of antidepressants in wastewater – Treatment evaluation and characterization of new by-product by LC-QToFMS. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(15). Retrieved from http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/7/1/15 5. Geldreich, E. E. & LeChevallier, M. (1999). Water quality and treatment: A handbook of community water supplies (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Water is essential in our everyday life. Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals utilize water to survive. Therefore it is vital that there be clean water for our communities to utilize to survive as a whole. Unfortunately because of different determinants our source of water are not always safe to use. We happen to have to deal with contamination of drinking water. Contamination of fresh water used for household needs, including pollution of oceans, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. There are categories of the different contaminants that exist such as Physical contaminants, Chemical contaminants, Biological contaminants, and radiological contaminants ("Types of Drinking Water Contaminants | Drinking Water
...sis. At this stage the treatment plant has the wastewater pumped through membranes. This process eliminates viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that are in the wastewater. Advanced Oxidation happens next in the treatment process. UV and or ozone and hydrogen peroxide and used to further disinfect and remove contaminants from the wastewater. The last step is called Fresh Water Blend. As stated in the name of the process Freshwater is now blended with the wastewater. Either the water is blended with surface water reservoirs or added to groundwater, where this water can remain in these reservoirs for an average of 6 months to be further purified by natural processes. Once this water is taken from the groundwater or reservoir is goes through the same standard water purification process all drinking water undergoes to meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.
In comparison, well designed and operated primary settling tanks without addition of coagulants may remove between 50-70% of TSS, 25-40% of BOD5 and 5-10% of phosphorus (Rashed et al., 1997; Metcalf & Eddy, 2003; Mahvi et al., 2005; Sarparastzadeh et al., 2007; Rashed et al., 2013b; Barbosa et al., 2016; Barghpeyma and Farahbod, 2016).The main problem of CEPT is the chemicals costs, which considered to be an additional burden on the operating costs of wastewater treatment (Xu et al., 2009). On the other hand, water treatment sludge contains a significant amount of coagulant when it can be recovered to be more economical for CEPT as well as safe disposal of water treatment sludge (Rashed et al., 1997; Xu et al., 2009; Evuti and Lawal, 2011; Allerdings et al., 2015; Roccaro et al., 2015; Ayoub and Abdelfattah,
Water treatment is considered to be a relevant action to ensure environmental sustainability. With an increase in water pollutants, water treatment plants are forced to develop additional processes in order to adequately purify the polluted water. In a report for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed it was stated that the presence of non-point source pollutants caused “a 35% increase” in cost for the wastewater treatment plant (Rees 2014). As well, a study in
During the summer and winter, the wastewater treatment plant in Alfred has to bring water to the facility if there is not enough flow into the system so bacteria can continue to grow during secondary treatment. The best time to work at the treatment plant is when flow is at a maximum during the fall and spring when college is in session. However, many pollutants are not removed from wastewater by treatment or by the environment. The most effective way to ensure everyone in the Village of Alfred is receiving clean potable water is to not pollute in the first place. Because we live in a materialistic world, another way to improve water quality is by increasing wastewater treatment plant efficiency by conserving water. Simply by reducing water use, life expectancy of treatment systems increases, prevent system failures, and minimize system costs, potentially saving hundreds of dollars. Some ways Alfred State College can reduce water use around campus
The purpose of this report is to propose a solution to the problem of reduced drinking water quality due to chemical pollution. Some bodies of water in the United States are becoming polluted from chemicals and restrictions are needed to protect drinking water quality.
In today’s world, we are experiencing significant population growth and particularly in urban environments, which requires the growth of cities all around the globe. However as urban areas experience this inevitable growth, several obstacles emerge to hinder this growth. Two issues of particular and urgent concern in our world today across all countries are water quality and water scarcity. As a result of the challenges that we face regarding the quantity and quality of our water resources around the world, it has become more and more important to research and identify new solutions and approaches to integrated water resource management. As a result, the market for safe, available water and for the infrastructure and technologies that treat and transport water is expected to continue to grow rapidly as stakeholders look for new solutions and approaches to integrated water resource management.
Although there are a lot of conventional water treatment methods available, but due to their disadvantages, there is a need for development of new and effective methods for disinfection of total waterborne pathogens in water treatment. In the near future, advanced oxidation process (AOPs) may become the most widely used water treatment technologies [30, 31, 32]. The processes can be categorized into three types:
Purified water should be prepared using potable water as feed water. Purified water is used as excipients in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and for equipment cleaning, especially product contact surfaces of non-sterile chemicals. Types of purification used to produce this water include Deionisation, Distillation, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis and Filtration. Purified water must meet ionic organic chemical and microbial requirements. The components that produce, store and circulate purified water must be sanitised and monitored frequently to avoid bio films forming.
Cunningham, William, and Mary Ann Cunningham. "Chapter 18: Water Pollution." Environmental Science. ; A Global Concern. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2011. 396-421. Print.
Clean water is needed for good human and animal health, but as DoSomething.org states, over 1 billion people worldwide don’t have a means of getting clean drinking water, an...
Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series. 1996, 649, 1-9.
People from many developing countries are suffering from the scarcity of clean water, while the rest of the country simply take for granted. Habitants of rural poor communities such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are living in a water stressed environment. Residents of these communities have to walk miles at time just to gather water from streams and ponds, even though the water source may contain water-borne disease that can make them very sick. In the rural places that don’t have access to safe clean water, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of viruses. The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance. Of this water approximately 97% is salt water, 2% frozen in glaciers, and only 1% is available for drinking water supply using traditional treatment methods” (Thornton). Therefore, properly treated or disinfected
Asano, T., Burton, F., Leverenz, H., Tsuchihashi, R., Tchobanoglous, G. (2007). Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill