1.2 Waste cooking oil (WCO) as biodiesel feedstock
Huge quantities of waste cooking oils and animal fats are available across the world, especially in the developed and developing countries. Such oils and fats set a significant challenge because of their disposal problems and possible contamination of the water and land resources. Even though some of this waste cooking oil is used for soap production, a major part of it is discharged into the environment. According to a study performed in USA, 40% of the sewerage system blockages are caused by the waste frying oils poured into kitchen sink [13]. Moreover, waste frying oils have eco-toxic properties. If they are spilled onto ground, they will contaminate the soil and so damage plants.
Global
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Since one of the major concerns on biodiesel production is the price of feedstock, utilization of waste cooking oil significantly enhances the economic viability of biodiesel production. India is producing around 9.2 million tonnes per year. In future India may emerge as top WCO producing county in the world because of its population growth and in next few years India may cross the United States WCO production. China has highest population in world, even though its WCO is around 4.5 million tonnes per year. It’s mainly because of unawareness of usage of waste cooking oil in people. United States is producing more WCO in world. In US, waste cooking oil is major feedstock for production of biodiesel. United States has separate collection units to collect waste cooking oil in major cities to produce …show more content…
However, homogeneous acid catalyst presents low catalytic activity so that longer reaction time and higher reaction temperature are required [4–6] . Problems associated with heterogeneous base catalysts are, deactivates when expose to ambient air, sensitive to FFA content in oil, too much soap formation and cause problem during product purification and leaching of catalyst active sites may result to product contamination. Heterogeneous acid catalysts represents higher cost because of complicated catalyst synthesis procedures, high reaction temperature, high alcohol to oil molar ratio and long reaction time are required and leaching of catalyst active sites may result to product contamination. Main problems associated with enzyme catalysts are, have slow reaction rate, even slower than acid-catalyzed transesterification, high cost, sensitive to alcohol, typically methanol that can deactivate the enzyme
Oil provides us with many necessities in our lives. Cosmetics, medicines, cleaning products, asphalt, food, plastic, and most importantly, petroleum. But of course, nothing comes without a price. The oil that makes our lives so much more convenient, is also ironically gradually killing the environment, this very Earth that we live in. One of the biggest environmental concerns come from oil spills. Oil spill is defined as “ the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.” Let’s look at some examples of these oil spills.
Besides the accidental spillage affecting severe damage to the environment and then causing harm to humans, there are direct impacts on human health from oil. Problems suc...
This experiment is to see the reactions of the catalyst from different substances or food groups when mixed with H2O2 and different acids. This will be done by using different substances that have high levels of catalyse enzymes. Substances with high levels of catalyst enzymes are Liver, yeast and Cabbage.
Many companies have turned to sustainable palm oil, palm oil that is produced on plantations that reuse the land for their agricultural purposes, thus supplying more palm oil without the destruction of natural forests. Some choose to boycott palm oil entirely, but this alternative will not significantly change the demand for palm oil. Vegetable oil is used abundantly and oil palm trees are the quickest producing oil crops, concluding them necessary to satisfy the demand for edible oils. Not only is palm oil versatile for its uses and quick to produce, but it is a major component to the economy in Indonesia and Malaysia. Many people living in these countries struggle with poverty, and agriculture of sustainable palm oil is how a great deal of people support themselves and their families. If the boycott of palm oil were successful, a considerable population of people would be unemployed and
Palm oil is produced from the fruit of oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis). Palm oil can be separated into a various distinct oils with different properties. Because of this versatility, palm oil has replaced animal and other vegetable oils to be used in a wide variety of products. Palm oil is also a very productive crop. The amount of oil produced per hectare per year, or the yield, is far greater than that of other vegetable oils. Best-in-class palm oil plantations can produce up to 10 times more oil per unit area than that of soybean or sunflower oil. The production costs for palm oil are also lower, mainly due to low labor costs in the countries in which oil palm trees are grown. Less fertilizer, pesticide, and fuel energy are needed in the cultivation and processing of palm oil.
[intro.] What will happen if America had no way to import oil? America uses one-third of the world’s energy most of which is powered by oil. However, America are only able to produce one-third of the oil needed to run what the country burns now. The other two-thirds of the oil needed come from unstable parts of the world such as the Middle East and Africa. Without oil, America may lose its world power to a country that does not only rely on oil to power their country.
Coconut oil was used to be an alternative to biodiesel in Thailand. The researchers found out that coconut oil has 12.8% of free fatty acid (FFA) that is possible to be used as a biodiesel through a series of process. First is that they reduced the FFA through acid-catalyzed esterification. In the second step they used the product produced in the first step and was transesterified with methanol to produce a biodiesel product. Moreover, they found out that the coconut oil biodiesel and the Thai petroleum was very much the same.
Base catalysts are highly sensitive to water content due to soap formation which makes separation difficult. Acid catalyst are used when the acid values of the non-edible oils are higher than the performance range of base catalysts. The acid value represents the number of acidic functional groups and is measured in terms of the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic characteristics of the sample. The protonation of the carbonyl group of the ester promotes the formation of a carbocation, which after nucleophilic attack of the alcohol produces a tetrahedral intermediate. This intermediate will eliminate glycerol to form a new ester and to reform the catalyst. Acid-catalyzed transesterification are carried out in the absence of water. The problems with the use of these catalysts are: the requirement for more alcohol; slower reaction rates; higher reaction temperatures and pressures; reactor corrosion and environmental issues. Both homogeneous and heterogonous acid catalysts can be used for transesterification. The acid catalysts more commonly used include, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonated organic acids. Due to the fact that the FFA content of neat edible oils is normally low but these oils are costly and conversion of too much edible oil into biodiesel may cause food crises, use
Oil is one of the most common water pollutants in the world, primarily because of how much is used on a daily basis (National Research Council, 2014). Spills, leaks and improper disposal lead to oil seeping into our water supply and contaminating it. According to Gale (2008), Oil spills are created by the accidental or intentional release of crude oil (petroleum). When spilled into rivers, streams, or marine environments, oil can damage ecosystems far from the original spill areas. Even though the oil spill is cleaned and the water is decontaminated, the petroleum leaves behind residues of relatively heavy molecules that are more persistent in terrestrial or aquatic habitats, and cause longer-lasting effects. In addition to cost to repair and clean, oil spills can result to economic lost and long term economic damage to the affected areas.
Firstly, the government should abolish an import excise on methanol, which accounts for 11% of the content of biodiesel. Secondly, they should also be more proactive in promoting biodiesel by becoming a user itself. Although under Hong Kong’s pilot scheme, B5 is used by only 8% of the Euro V diesel government vehicles. Thirdly, government should implement a licensing system for collectors of used cooking oil, and restaurants that sell their oil to such authorized dealers should be given a reduction in their wastewater treatment surcharge. Finally, government can legislate to restrict the private sector to absorb a total of over 60% of biofuel output given that the market potential is huge while supply remains
Vegetal oils are one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in agriculture. Palm oil is an example of it, being the most produced than any other vegetable oil. The oil palm plantations are found in tropical forests, ecosystems really suitable for this kind of practices due to their high conservation values. The deforestation practiced for the plantation of this monoculture, lead to a destruction of the habitat and the consequent eviction of the forest-dwelling people.
Coal and crude oil are non-renewable resources. They take an extreme amount of time to form and due to that, they cannot be replaced once they have all been used up. However, when it comes to the biofuels, they are produced from plant material and are renewable. There are two types of biofuels: Biodiesel, which is made from rapeseed oil and other plant oils and is used in diesel-powered vehicles without needing any modifications to the engine, and Bioethanol, which is a liquid fuel that burns quite well and is made by fermenting sugars from sugar cane, wheat and other plants. In this essay, whether or not biofuels are becoming an increasingly important alternative to traditional forms of energy under environmental and economic benefits and
Predictions may be made about the suitability of possible catalysts by assuming that the mechanism of catalysis consists of two stages, either of which can be first:
Food waste is defined by food that is lost, wasted, or discarded and is caused through a few different processes. Food is wasted through many different ways at farms, grocery stores, and in homes. Over 40% of the food in the United States, specifically, goes to waste and 97% percent of this waste goes straight to landfills. The main issue with food waste is that the majority of food is being wasted unnecessarily. In stores, food is often thrown out because it does not meet specific standards that dictate what may be desirable to consumers. This issue of food picking is important as foods are not always being thrown away because they have gone bad, but because they have appearances that do not seem attractive. If we hope to lessen the environmental impact we have as a result of the mass
In order to investigate the acidity of the bio-oil and heavy oil, the total acid number (TAN) was measured by the ASTM D664 method. The viscosity was determined using a capillary-type viscometer and ViscoClock (Schott Instruments) at 40 °C. Elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was carried out with an Elementar Vario El cube, and the mass percentages of C, H, N, and S were directly determined by the Dumas method. The higher heating value (HHV) was calculated by Sheng and Azvedo's formula [21]. The degree of deoxygenation (DOD) was estimated as